• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2023

Since seeds can be directly used as food resources as well as for crop cultivation or preservation of genetic resources, it is essential to develop high-quality seed processing technology to increase agricultural productivity. Seed treatment means processing technologies of seeds through physical or chemical treatment processes from after harvesting seeds to before sowing of seeds to improve germination and growth rate, durability, and immunity, etc. Since chemical seed treatment technology using pesticides or plant growth regulators has problems of environmental pollution and human toxicity, it is desired to develop an alternative technology. As a physical seed treatment method, various technologies such as ionizing radiation, plasma, microwave, and magnetic field are being developed, and some of them are being used practically. In this paper, I will summarize the mechanism of seed priming and disinfection, and the advantages and disadvantages of application, focusing on these physical seed treatment methods. Low dose or moderate intensity ionizing radiation, microwave, low-temperature plasma, and magnetic field treatments often promoted seed germination and seedling growth. However, effective removal of direct seed pathogens at these treatment intensities appears to be difficult. And it has been shown that relatively high-dose electron beam treatment using low-energy electron beams kills microorganisms on the seed surface and hull layer while not damaging the inner tissue of the seed, and is also effectively used for seed treatment on a commercial scale. In order to put the physical seed treatment technology to practical use in Korea, it is necessary to develop an economical scale treatment device along with the development of individual treatment technology to each crop.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime, zeolite, and rock phosphate as coating materials and coated seed size on germination, establishment, and early growth of pasture species at the experimental livestock farm, Yonam College of Agriculture in 1997. Germinating energy and germination of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass seeds were lower than those of non-coated seeds. Coated seed of tall fescue with 70% lime and 15% rock phosphate was the best in germination. The germination of small size seed (< ${\varnothing}2$ mm) was better than those of medium (> ${\varnothing}2$ mm and < ${\varnothing}2$ mm) and large size seeds (> ${\varnothing}2$ mm). Germination of coated orchardgrass seed with 55% lime and 30% rock phosphate treatment was higher than that of other coated seeds, and germination of small size seed was higher than those of medium and large size seeds (p<0.05). Germination energy and germination of coated alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil seeds were lower than those of non-coated seeds. Germination of coated alfalfa seed with 70% lime and 15% rock phosphate, and 45% lime and 55% rock phosphate was higher compared with other coated seeds. Germination of medium size seed was higher than those of small and large size seeds (p<0.05). Among coated birdsfoot trefoil seed, 45% lime and 40% rock phosphate treatment resulted in higher germinating energy and germination than other treatments. There was no significant difference in establishment and early growth of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass seeds. However, tall fescue and orchardgrass coated with 45 % lime and 40% phosphate rock showed higher establishment and early growth. There was also no significant difference in establishment and early growth of coated alfalfa among the treatments. Among coated treatments, establishment and early growth of alfalfa coated with 75% lime and 10% rock phosphate were the highest and showed 46.4% and $72.6\;g/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Establishment and early growth of coated birdsfoot trefoil with 55% lime and 30% rock phosphate were the highest among coated birdsfoot trefoil seed (p<0.05) and recorded 46.4% and $44.6\;g/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Results of this study indicate that the germination of coated grass and legume seed may be improved by increasing the percentage of rock phosphate and decreasing that of lime. With regard to seed size, the germination of pasture species with small seed size (< ${\varnothing}2$ mm) may be better than medium and large size seeds except alfalfa. Establishment and early growth of grasses can be also improved by increasing the percentage of rock phosphate and decreasing that of lime.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.574-578
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• 2001

The effects of seed soaking (8 and 24 hours) and foliar spray of plant growth retardants (daminozide, chlormequat and uniconazole) on growth control in zinnia were investigated. For seed soaking of 'Dream Land Rose', the changes in plant height was not affected by seed soaking time (8 and 24 hours), while it was severely suppressed by high concentration of chemicals tested. An application of $125mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ uniconazole was most effective for plant height suppression. Flowering was promoted by all treatments of chemicals. However, for 'Dream Land Scarlet', plant height control at 24 hours seed soaking showed more effective than 8 hours, and all treatments of chemicals decreased plant height. Uniconazole gave the best result for plant height control. Flowering tended to be hastened by the treatment of chemicals. For foliar spray, plant height was remarkably decreased at high concentration of uniconazole. Flowering was promoted by chlormequat and uniconazole in both 'Dream Land Rose' and 'Dream Land Scarlet'. Also, daminozide decreased number of petals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.125-129
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• 1968

For the study of method for promoting the germination of Korean sod seeds harvseted newly some physical and chemical treatments were tested in this experiment. The summarized results of these tests are as follows: 1. Storage of wet seed in low temperature of 0~$2^{\circ}C$ during 2~30 days was seemed the most effective treatment for promoting the germination of sod seed. 2. The treatment that Soaking and mixing up the seeds in cone sulphuric acid about one and half minutes and then washing off in the water promoted fairly the germination of sod seeds. 3. Better germination of sod seeds was found in the light than in the dark or soil. 4. Cutting the top of seed and crushing of seed coat with sand seemed to promote slightly the germination of sod seeds. 5. No promoting effect for germination of sod seeds was found with treatments of Gibberellin, $NH_4$ $NO_3$ and NAA.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.334-344
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• 2022

Bacterial wilt is a re-emerging disease on dry bean and can affect many other crop species within the Fabaceae. The causal agent, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (CFF), is a small, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is seed-transmitted. Infections in the host become systemic, leading to wilting and economic loss. Clean seed programs and bactericidal seed treatments are two critical management tools. This study characterizes the efficacies of five bactericidal chemicals against CFF. It was hypothesized that this bacterium was capable of forming biofilms, and that the cells within biofilms would be more tolerant to bactericidal treatments. The minimum biocide eradication concentration assay protocol was used to grow CFF biofilms, expose the biofilms to bactericides, and enumerate survivors compared to a non-treated control (water). Streptomycin and oxysilver bisulfate had EC95 values at the lowest concentrations and are likely the best candidates for seed treatment products for controlling seed-borne bacterial wilt of bean. The results showed that CFF formed biofilms during at least two phases of the bacterial wilt disease cycle, and the biofilms were much more difficult to eradicate than their planktonic counterparts. Overall, biofilm formation by CFF is an important part of the bacterial wilt disease cycle in dry edible bean and antibiofilm bactericides such as streptomycin and oxysilver bisulfate may be best suited for use in disease management.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1993

Seed infection to pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum) is severe at summer type soybeans maturing at hot and humid conditions. In order to increase germination and plant stand, this experiments were evaluated the effects of fungicide Benoram(Benomyl 20% ${\pm}$ Thiram 20%) seed treatments with different seed sizes on emergence yield at field conditions, and with different infection degrees to pod and stem blight on germination in laboratory. Benoram treatment on seed was improved emergence rate and elongated hypocotyl not increased growth and yield. It was clearly improved length but germinations and germination speed by Benoram fungicide treatment on severely infected seed however was not improved germination rate at good quality of seeds and the effect was higher at large seed cultivar than small ones.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soaking time of seed disinfectant, Fludioxonil on the germination and disease occurrence of adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf). The germination rate was higher in the seed disinfectant treatment for 3 days followed by seed soaking for 3 days than that of other treatments under controlled condition of low temperature. The value of two experiments were 90.8%, 96.7%, repectively. And, the time of seed soaking was longer, the more seed rot was proportionly decreased. In the pot and field experiment, germination rates were somewhat low compared to that of petri dish experiment as 88.3%, 84.3%, and occurence of seedling blight showed similar results that of petri dish experiments. There was not significantly different in the yield components among treatments in the field. However, as compared with untreated plot (194kg/10a), unhulled grain yield was increased about 26% on that treatment. Based on these results, it has been thought that improvement of the germonation rate and decrease of disease occurrence of adlay were accompanied with the seed disinfectant during 3 days followed by seed soaking during 3 days before sowing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1451-1454
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• 2003

The present investigation was carried out to study the affect of feeding urea ammoniated neem kernel meal on carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of the meat in goats. Eight local weaned kids of 3-4 months age with mean body weight of $7.85{\pm}0.42kg$ were assigned to two groups of four each in a completely randomised design and were offered diets containing isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures containing either peanut meal or urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel meal (UANSKM) along with ad libitium oat hay or green sorghum as roughage for 13 fortnights. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period and the carcass characteristics and organoleptic evaluation of the meat was carried out. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, meat bone ratio, percent edible and inedible did not differ between the treatments. Similarly the organoleptic characteristics and cooking loss were comparable between the treatments implying that UANSKM can be substituted for peanut meal in goat diets to alleviate the shortage and high cost of peanut meal without affecting meat quality.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.901-905
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• 2014

The efficacy of ozone micro-bubble water (OMBW) in reducing microbial populations on alfalfa seeds was investigated in this study. We observed the surface of alfalfa seeds using microscopy and found that many cracks and crevices existing on the surface could harbor pathogens. Alfalfa seeds were treated with tap water (TW), micro-bubble water (MBW), ozone water (OW), ozone micro-bubble water (OMBW), and chlorine water (CL) for 5 min, and total microbial population, E. coli and Salmonella spp. colonies were determined. Also, the sterilized seeds were germinated and cultivated for 5 d after sowing to investigate the percentage of germination and the growth of alfalfa sprouts. The treatments with OMBW and CL were most effective in reducing total microbial populations and E. coli was eliminated by OW, OMBW, and CL treatments. CL treatment reduced the percentage of germination and fresh weight of alfalfa sprouts, but OMBW did not cause any negative effects on the germination and growth of alfalfa sprouts. These results indicate that OMBW can be used as an effective sanitizer for eliminating seed-borne pathogens without detrimental effects on seed viability.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2003

To improve the percentage of field germination of Zanthoxytum piperitum DC., storage in ground(control) and several chemicals as treatments was investigated. Germination percentage was 30.3 and 22.7% in GA$_3$(100 ppm) and NaCIO(10%), respectively compared with 17.3％ in storage in ground without treatments. Germination percentage reached maximum between 26 and 33 days after seeding and then increased slowly. Top/Root ratio was the highest at storage in ground after the treatment of GA$_3$ 100ppm.