• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1363-1372
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• 2019

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of diet supplementation with rubber seed oil and flaxseed oil on serum fatty acids profile, oxidation stability of serum and milk, and immune function of dairy cows. Methods: Forty-eight mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments for 8 wk, including basal diet (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 4% rubber seed oil (RO), 4% flaxseed oil (FO) or 2% rubber seed oil plus 2% flaxseed oil (RFO) on a dry matter basis. Results: Compared with CON, all the oil groups increased the levels of trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid), cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) and C18:3 (${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, ALA) in serum. Both the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in serum and milk in oil groups were decreased, which were negatively correlated with the levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and ALA. The concentrations of proinflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ and interferon ${\gamma}$) in serum of oil groups were lower than that from the CON cows. Conclusion: These results indicate that diet supplementation with RO or FO could alter serum fatty acid profile and enhance the immune function of dairy cows. However, the negative effect on milk oxidation stability should be considered when feeding these n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched oils in dairy production.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.219-233
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• 2019

Soybean cultivars susceptible to Phytophthora root and stem rot are vulnerable to seed rot and damping-off of seedlings and young plants following an infection by Phytophthora sojae. In this study, the disease responses of Japanese soybean cultivars including currently grown main cultivars during the early growth stages were investigated following infections by multiple P. sojae isolates from Japanese fields. The extent of the resistance to 17 P. sojae isolates after inoculations at 14, 21, and 28 days after seeding varied significantly among 18 Japanese and two US soybean cultivars. Moreover, the disease responses of each cultivar differed significantly depending on the P. sojae isolate and the plant age at inoculation. Additionally, the treatment of 'Nattosyo-ryu' seeds with three fungicidal agrochemicals provided significant protection from P. sojae when plants were inoculated at 14-28 days after seeding. These results indicate that none of the Japanese soybean cultivars are completely resistant to all tested P. sojae isolates during the first month after sowing. However, the severity of the disease was limited when plants were inoculated during the later growth stages. Furthermore, the protective effects of the tested agrochemicals were maintained for at least 28 days after the seed treatment. Japanese soybean cultivars susceptible to Phytophthora root and stem rot that are grown under environmental conditions favorable for P. sojae infections require the implementation of certain practices, such as seed treatments with appropriate agrochemicals, to ensure they are protected from P. sojae during the early part of the soybean growing season.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.436-447
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• 2006

Recently, there is increasing demand on enhancing the efficiency of hydro-seed spraying in afforestation for damaged or degraded land including forest road slopes. In this study, we focus on how seed coating and molding may affect seed germination and seedling growth. Plant species used in the study are Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Arudineila hirta, Poa pratensis, and Lolium perenne. The results of seed germination and seedling growth with and without seed coating and molding are analyzed as follows: 1. For all the species and in both seeding with molding covered with soil and seeding without molding in which seeds were over sown, the increment of germination ratio by seed coating method is greater than by non·coating one. Seed coating increases average germination ratios observed in seeding with molding and without molding by 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively. Germination force may decrease from 0.8 to 3.7 days depending on the plant species and the treatments. The $LD_{50}$ decreased by $0.8{\sim}2.6$ days. However, seed coating delays the start of germination by approximate 1 day for all of the observed plants. 2. Seed coating may have the effect of accelerating the growth of stem and leaf and root. The experimental result shows that seed coating leads to 21.7% and 34.8% increment of average stem and leaf growth by seeding with molding and without molding, respectively. In terms of root growth, seeding with molding results in 22.0% increment while seeding without molding produces 26.2% increased root growth. 3: Compared to seeding without molding, germination starts on an average of 1.3 days later in seeding coated seeds with molding. However. the germination ratio is increased by 5%, and germination force and $LD_{50}$ are observed to shorten by 1.0 day and 1.4 days, respectively. Meanwhile, whether seeds are coated or not may be more related with germination and seedling growth in seeding without molding than with those in seeding with molding. 4. In this study, coating materials are examined to look at which ones are better in each treatment. Coating with Vermiculite+Talcum is the most effective in germination and seedling growth for overall plants. Seed coating using Bentonite, Calcium Carbonate, and Calcium Hydroxide shows better results than non-coating does. 5. When seeds are coated, the greatest enhancement of seed germinations was observed in Indigofera pseudotinctoria and, in the case of seedling growth, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya has the most increasing observation value among the 5 examined species. These results may indicate that woody plant seeds, having greater sizes of seeds than ones of grass seeds, may have greater relation with seed coating than grass plant seeds may have. 6. Therefore, if seeds cannot be molded up after hydro-seeding on forest road slopes, it is recommended that seeds for restoration be pre-coated with Vermiculite+Talcum and then be sowed, in order to quickly stabilize the damaged slope and achieve successful afforestation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was determined to investigate the effect of the planting ratio of Male Sterility (MS) to Restorer Line (RL) and harvesting time on fatty acid compositions under $F_1$ seed production of Brassica napus L. For rapeseed seed production, two experiments were conducted in the open fields. One experiment studied planting ratios of MS to RL (4:2, 10:2, or 10:1) were planted and investigated fatty acid composition at 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 days after flowering, the other $F_2$ seeds were analyzed on fatty acid compositions of harvested seeds at five sequential stages. The results showed that fatty acid compositions of developing seeds were influenced by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ hybrid treatments and contaminated level of fatty acid compositions, erucic acid, were unaffected by planting ratio of MS to RL. Fatty acid compositions such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) contents decreased during seed maturation period in $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments. In contrast, oleic acid (C18:1) content relatively increased up to 55days after flowering. At day 60 after flowering, oleic acid content was unaffected by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ seeds treatments. Aspects of related gene expression of fatty acid synthesis such as SAD, FAD1 and FAD2 were followed exactly to changes of fatty acid composition during seed maturation. These results suggest that MS ratio may be enlarged and RL may be reduced, indicating this ratio will be useful for rape seed production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.507-512
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• 1993

Pre-sowing treatments of tobacco seeds (cv. NC82) were evaluated as a means of improving the speed of emergence, early seedling growth and uniformity of the seedlings. Seeds were treated through the use of polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG), solid matrix priming(SMP), chilling and dark-preincubati(DPI). Under the laboratory condition of 15$^{\circ}C$, all the treated seeds germinated more rapid and the time to 50% germination(T50) reduced than control. Among the treatments, SMP was the best to reduce the T50 for germination. All the treatments did not affect the final germination percentage, while the chilling showed of little benefit for germination and T50. Under the greenhouse condition, seedling from SMP emerged earlier and more uniformity and also greater mean fresh and dry weight showed than other treatments. The advantage of T50 from SMP was affected more in temperature than in water content of Agro-Lig during the treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

As the zygotic embryo of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) matured during stratification over 203 days it grew from 0.75 to 5.2 mm. Embryo excision and culturing on media containing different concentrations of two growth regulators, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$, 1 to 10 ${\mu}M$) and benzyladenine (BA, 1 to 5 ${\mu}M$), during stratification, showed that shoot and root number and the shoot, root and cotyledon length increased with increased stratification time. Gibberellic acid was the more effective growth regulator for increasing shoot and root number and shoot, root and cotyledon lengths. Immature embryos (stratified for up to 63 days) needed growth regulators for further development. Cultures on $GA_3$ at the last culture date (stratified for 203 days) when embryos were mature, produced multiple shoots but there was no effect of $GA_3$ concentration. Benzyladenine inhibited shoot and root growth regardless of embryo stratification. Growth regulators had little effect on cotyledon length of mature embryos. Embryos cultured on $GA_3$ combined with BA were green on all culture dates whereas greening in the control and BA treatments increased with culture date. The BA treatments induced 100% swelling of the embryos on the final culture date while in the control and $GA_3$ treatments there was no swelling. There was little or no curling in the control and BA treatments and a linear decrease in curling with culture date in the $GA_3$ and $GA_3$ + BA treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2003

An experiment was carried out at the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from March to July, 2001 to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on morpho-physiological characters of okra. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. There were nine treatments such as $\textrm{T}_0$ (control), $\textrm{T}_1$ (Azotobacter biofertilizer), $\textrm{T}_2$ (Azospirillum biofertilizer), $\textrm{T}_3$ (Azotobacter+Azospirillum biofertilizers), $\textrm{T}_4$ (Azotobacter+Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$), $\textrm{T}_5$ (Azospirillum+Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$), $\textrm{T}_6$(Azotobacter+Azospirillum+Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$), $\textrm{T}_7$ (Cowdung 5 ton $\textrm{ha}^{-1}$) and $\textrm{T}_8$ (60% Nitrogen). The experimental results revealed that significant variations exist among the treatments regarding morphological characters e.g. plant height, number of leaves/plant, stem base diameter, tap root length, and physiological characters like, root dry weight, leaf area index and crop growth rate. Number of leaves/plant, stem base diameter, root length, root dry weight, leaf area index and crop growth rate were found higher in $\textrm{T}_4$, $\textrm{T}_5$, $\textrm{T}_6$ and $\textrm{T}_8$ than the others. In all the parameters, $\textrm{T}_8$ gave the similar result with biofertilizers in combination with cowdung treatments and $\textrm{T}_7$ showed identical with $\textrm{T}_0$ (control). Biofertilizer treatments had insignificant effect on 1000-seed weight(g). Experimental results mentioned above revealed that morpho-physioligical characters of okra could be modified by the application of biofertilizer+cowdung. However, biofertilizers+Cowdung treatments were comparable to $\textrm{T}_8$(60% Nitrogen) in this study. This suggests that $\textrm{T}_4$ or $\textrm{T}_6$ or $\textrm{T}_5$ were more benificial in environmentally friendly okra cultivation and may be used as an alternative of inorganic nitrogen by saving cost of production and sustaining productivity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.584-589
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• 2000

In order to inhibit rot of soybean sprouts, presoaking treatments of soybeans with various solutions were studied. Optimal soaking time was 20min and citric acid, chitosan, GFSE(Grapefruit seed extract) were more effective. Most of presoaking treatments decreased the rot ratio of soybeans considerably, and didn't decrease germination ratio of them compared to control. Particularly GFSE, chitosan and phosphate buffer were effective. Presoaking treatments besides ethanol showed increased weight and yield of soybean sprouts compared to control, and particularly chitosan treatment increased yield of 67%, weight of 6.9% and length of 9.5% of soybean sprouts compared to control. Presoaking treatments decreased total microbial count of soybeans and rot of soybean sprouts during cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.86-90
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• 1996

This study was to provide the basic information for the development of thermal weeder which uses LPG as fuel. Weed seeds of Digitaria sanguinalis S. and Portulaca oleracea L. mainly developed in fram and forestry nurseries were used as experimental samples. At different irradiation temperature(60, 80, 100, 150, $200^{\circ}C$), the dffects of weed seed species(digitalis, purslane), condition of seed(dry, soaked), and irradiation time(2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 180, 300 sec) on seed viability were investigated was investigated by examining interaction and main effect of experimental factors. The results showed that viability of weed seed was significantly affected by all irradiation temperature tested. Irradiation time significantly affected on viability of weed seed on all levels of irradiation temperature. also, there were interactions between condition of weed seed and irradiation time on seed viability at each irradiation temperature.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of satllower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed yoghurt on osteoporosis. Sham-operated rats(control) were fed basal diet for 6 weeks. Ovariectomized rats were divided into 6 different experimental groups including basal diet group(G I), yoghurt diet group(G II) and 1% to 4% safflower seed yoghurt diet group(GIII to GVI). and fed with the experimental diet for 6 weeks, respectively. The feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and body weight gains of rats fed with the experimental diet for 6 weeks were analyzed, respectively, and the weight. length, strength, mineral content and density in left femur of the animals were determined, respectively. Also, the right femur tissues were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The level of feed intake was not different among all experimental groups. The feed efficiency ratio and body weight gain were high in safflower seed yoghurt groups, and GV and GVI appeared high specially. Density, strength, ash content and minerals content in left femur were similar between control and G I, and increased with increasing the amount of satllower seed in yoghurt. On the other hand, weight and length in left femur showed no difference among all experimental groups. From the results of SEM observation of right femur tissue, GVI showed high healing effects. From the results of this experiment the healing effects of satllower seed yoghurt diet group were higher than those of control and G I. Among the treatments, GVI showed the highest healing effects on the osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.