• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum additive ratio of barley flour when used instead of cotton seed meal for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. Mycelial growth was the fastest to 11.4 cm in medium containing 5% barley flour and to 9.0 cm in medium containing 30% barley flour. The mycelial density was slightly lower at 5% and 10% of barley powder addition, but there was no significant difference between the other treatments. The yield of the fruiting bodies was 158 g/850 mL, which was highest on treatment with 10% barley flour as a substitute for cotton seed meal. However, this was lower on treatments with only barley flour than in the control (156 g/850 mL). The diameter of the pileus and the hardness of stipes were highest with 10% barley flour and 10% in cotton seed meal, respectively. The L value was highest with 10% added barley flour, but the a-value and the b-value were not significantly different between treatments. The pH of the mixed media before inoculation with Pleurotus ostreatus was 4.7-5.0, and the total nitrogen content was 1.7-2.2, which was slightly lower than that of the control. The total carbon content was 44.6-45.0, which was not significantly different from that of the control. However, the content of trace elements such as Cu and Fe was lower than those of the control.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1999

Seed-propagation of Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) takes 2 years to shorten the period for becoming a practical method. The experiment was done to establish a proper method of breaking the epicotyl dormancy in bulk seed-propagation. Seedlings with a bulbil were treated with $GA_3$ every 2 days for 4 or 8 days and chilling treatments at $3^{\circ}C$ were enforced for 4, 6, 8 or 12 weeks. Emergence- and growth-related characteristics were examined immediately after the treatments, 3 and 6 weeks later. Rate of cotyledonary sheath rupture immediately after $GA_3$ treatment was greater in its 8-day treatment than in 4-day although its effect disappeared later. However, any epicotyl treated with $GA_3$ solution did not elongate so that new seedlings disemerged over the bed soil. That resulted from not breaking the epicotyl dormancy since $GA_3$ did not rupture all of the cotyledonary sheath formed with several sheets and consequently, the solution did not reach it. The $GA_3$ treatment for bulk seed-propagation, therefore, was impractical method. On the contrary, the chilling treatment was able to be applied to the seed-propagation because of getting the cotyledonary sheath rupture and the epicotyl elongation. Seedling emergence and its growth after chilling treatment were influenced by chilling period although required at least over 6-week treatment for satisfactory results.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of storage, temperature, and pre-treatments on the germination of Melia azedarach seeds collected from Buan, Jeonju, and Jeju provenance. M. azedarach seeds stored with or without pericarp in the ground, which collected from Buan provenance evidenced the highest germination percentage (PG, %) and the shortest time to first germination (days). The seeds collected from Jeonju and Jeju provenance were placed at both six continuous temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and $40^{\circ}C$) and two alternating temperatures ($20{\leftrightarrow}30^{\circ}C$ and $25{\leftrightarrow}35^{\circ}C$) for seed incubation. The results showed a significant effect for temperature of seed incubation. The seeds incubated at $35^{\circ}C$ had the highest PG among the continuous temperatures and germinated significantly more at the two alternating temperatures than at $35^{\circ}C$. Concerning mean germination time (MGT), the seeds incubated at $35^{\circ}C$ evidenced the shortest germinations among the continuous temperatures while those at the alternating temperatures germinated for a shorter period than those at $35^{\circ}C$. The germination rate (GR) and germination performance index (GPI) were similar to PG. The seeds collected from Jeonju provenance were treated using five pre-sowing treatments (scarification, scarifcation+$GA_3$, scarification+$KNO_3$, $GA_3$, and $KNO_3$) prior to the germination experiments. Compared with the intact seeds (control), most of the pre-treatments were significantly (especially scarification+$GA_3$ 100 ppm and scarification+$KNO_3$ 1.0%) higher in PG, GR, and GPI, as well as shorter in MGT.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2021

Iris dichotoma Pall. found on Daechung Island in Korea has been designated as an endangered species. To aid in conservation efforts of this species, this study investigated its germination characteristics and seed dormancy type. Four sets of seeds were incubated at different temperatures (4/1℃, 15/6℃, 20/10℃, and 25/15℃). One set of seeds was cold stratified (4 weeks at 4/1℃). The final germination rate and mean germination time showed that the optimal germination temperature was 25/15℃. Final germination rates were ~70%, showing no significant difference among temperature treatments. However, mean germination time were significantly different among all temperature treatments except for 4/1℃. Mean germination time for seeds with temperature treatments of 15/6℃, 20/10℃, and 25/15℃ were 3.2, 2.1, and 1.5 weeks, respectively. At 25/15℃, the mean germination time was half of that at 15/6℃. Seeds of I. dichotoma had fully developed embryos at the time of dispersal. No additional growth of the embryo was observed. Cold stratification did not affect the final germination rate or the mean germination time. This study shows that seeds of I. dichotoma have no physiological or morphological dormancy, unlike other members of the Iris genus known to have seed dormancy that needs a relatively high incubation temperature (≥25/15℃) for mass propagation to occur. These results will be useful for understanding ecophysiological mechanisms related to the species' habitat. They are also useful for mass propagation of I. dichotoma for the purpose of conserving this endangered species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.532-538
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• 1996

GA4/7 spray, injection and several cultural treatments were applied to the greenhouse-grown potted hybrid larch(Larix decidua${\times}$leptolepis) grafts and field-grown European larch seedlings to induce early flowering. A treatment consisting of repeat-ed GA4/7 sprays, alone, was the most effective flower induction treatment for greenhouse-grown, potted larch grafts. Root pruning as a adjunct treatment did not show synergistic effects. Injection for potted grafts with GA4/7 was not useful approach in this study and it resulted in increased mortality. In the field experiment with 10-Year-old larch seedlings, repeated GA4/7 sprays in combination with root pruning or with plastic mulching appears to be useful and practical means for inducing larch flowers:

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.67-75
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to pelletize to calendula and salvia seeds with peat moss as basic material for the efficient greening and vegetating of slopes and damaged areas. Also the pelletizing was compressed by spherical types that mixed basic fertilizer of N.;300 mg/l, P.;200 mg/l, K.;400 mg/g and plant growth regulator of A and NAA each 300PPM. Soil and soil surface seeding methods were researched to find the growing state of germination percent, germination date, germination force, length of leaf, number of leaf, width of leaf, length of plant, and etc. Comparing with controlled pelletizing, peat moss and +GA pelletizing treatments resulted in higher from two to three times as following growing states : length of leaves, number of leaves, width of leaves, length of plants, length of roots, fresh weights, and ratio of germination. Especially the two treatments above showed four more times effects than the +NNA treatment. Also their germinating date germinating force were earlier and stronger. The surface seeding method was superior to soil seeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.349-357
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of supplements containing different energy sources in relation to mineral supplementation of steers grazing guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv Tanz$\hat{a}$nia) pasture, during the dry season. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a mineral supplementation and two other supplements, one based on corn seed and the other based on soybean hulls, and provided at 0.8% of body weight. Forty-eight, 12 month-old crossbred steers with an average initial body weight of 267 kg, were assigned to twelve paddocks (1,125 ha) of guineagrass. The animals that were fed with soybean hulls and corn seed presented a greater average daily gain (0.982 and 0.937) when compared with the mineral supplementation. Soybean hulls can be used as a satisfactory food source, replacing corn as an energy source in the supplementation of beef cattle without compromising animal performance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 1990

The effects of coating materials on germination, establishment and herbage production were investigated in a laboratory and field over 1988-1989. For this purpose, four treatments of lime 50 % + briquet ash 50 %, briquet ash, dairy excreta and fowldung as coating material were applied to orchardgrass and red clover with meth ylcellulose. The germination rate of lime 50 % + briquet ash 50 % (70.6 %), briquet ash (84.0 %), dairy excreta (66.0 %) and fowldung (61.3 %) in orchardgrass were, showing lower than that of the control (86.6 %), respectively and the rate of red clover ranged from 59.0 to 18.6 %. Establishment in orchardgrass were from 2.0 to 0.9 %, showing lower than the control, whole a little higher except dairy excreta and fowldung treatments in red clover than the control. The DM yield of lime 50 % + briquet ash 50 % treatment was almost same to the control and other treatment showed lower yield compared with the yield of the control. The benefical effect of seed coating on field performance was minimal especially in terms of establishment and yield increase.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1978

To examine the effects of P.E. film and rice straw mulching on fall grown potato(Shimabara cultivar) in the middle region of Korea, sprouted seed tuber pieces were transplanted with six kinds of mulching treatments on 24th July and harvested on 25th October. P.E. film mulching from transplanting resulted the perfect rot of transplanted seed pieces due to the excessive high soil temperature (noon soil temperature of about 4$0^{\circ}C$ continued until the middle of August). P.E. film mulching from 15th September to harvest increased the marketable tuber yields by 35% due to the raising of soil temperature by 1-3$^{\circ}C$ and maintaining of available soil moisture in dry season. Rice straw (whole or cut in 10cm length) mulching lowered the soil temperature in hot season and raised it in cool season and maintained available soil moisture in dry season. Therefore better emergence, growth and yields were induced. Effects of whole straw, whole growing season and thicker mulching were greater than cut straw, half growing season and thinner mulching. 6cm mulching of whole or cut straw during whole growing season resulted the increasing of marketable tuber yields by 56 or 48%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-86
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• 2007

External treatments have various curative effects. So it had been used to cure various patients. But, it has a limited sphere of application in the present South Korea. Therefore we would like to bring out its sphere of application and detailed method in the oriental medicine classics. Especially, we would like to bring out external use of medecal herbs at base of External treatments. And then we have arrived at following conclusions. 238 species herbs have been used externalpreparation. comparatively often used a herbal medicines are Argyi Wormwood Leaf(艾), Realgar(雄黃), Croton Seed(巴豆), Musk(麝香), Cochinchina Momordica Seed(木鱉仁), Glycyrrhiza uralensis(甘草) and Chuanxiong Rhizome(川芎).