• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2016

Purpose: New low-cost oilseeds are needed to meet an ever-increasing demand for oil for food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. African oil bean seed is a tropical crop that is underutilized and has high oil yields, but there have been no studies conducted on its mechanical oil expression up to now. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of moisture content and seed dimensions on mechanical oil expression from the seeds. Methods: Fresh oil bean seeds were procured, de-hulled, and cleaned. Initial seed moisture content, obtained in accordance with the ASAE standard, was 12% dry basis (db). The seeds were further conditioned by dehydration and rehydration prior to oil expression to obtain four other moisture levels of 8, 10, 14, and 16% db. The major diameter of the seeds was measured using digital vernier calipers, and the seeds were classified into size dimensions (< 40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, and > 55 mm). The oil yield and expression efficiency were obtained in accordance with standard evaluation methods. Results: The highest oil yield and expression efficiency (47.74% and 78.96%, respectively) were obtained for a moisture content of 8% db and seed dimensions of < 40 mm, while the lowest oil yield and expression efficiency (41.35% and 68.28%, respectively) were obtained for a moisture content of 14% db and seed dimensions between 51-55 mm. A mathematical model was developed to predict oil yield for known moisture content and seed dimensions, with a coefficient of determination $R^2$ of 95% and the confidence level of the predictive model of 84.17%. The probability of prediction F ratio showed that moisture content influence was more significant than seed dimensions. Conclusions: The higher the moisture content and larger the seed dimensions, the lower the oil yield from African oil bean seeds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.682-688
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• 2009

A periodic away of zinc oxide(ZnO) micro-rods as fabricated by using chemical bath deposition and photo-lithography. Vertically aligned ZnO micro-rods array was successfully grown by chemical bath deposition method on ZnO seed layer. The ZnO seed layer was deposited on glass and the patterning was made by standard photo-lithography technique. The selective growth of ZnO micro-rods as achieved with the masked ZnO seed layer. The fabricated ZnO micro rods were found to be single crystalline and have grown along hexagonal c-axis direction of (0002) which is same as the preferred growth orientation of ZnO seed layer.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2024

An evaluation was carried out on variability in morphology of fruits and seeds (number and weight) of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. and Thonn.) Taub. from different populations across its distribution range in Nigeria. Bulk fruit samples were collected and examined for variations in morphological characters. Differences in morphological character of fruits and seeds among the populations were determined using analysis of variance at 5% level of probability. The relationships among morphological characters were determined using Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Significant variations (p<0.05) existed among T. tetraptera populations for all the evaluated characters: fruit length, fruit width, number of seeds per fruit and seed weight. A positive significant strong correlation (r=0.96) was found between seed weight and number of seeds per fruit, while no correlation existed between fruit length, width and number of seeds. Seed weight was positively correlated with minimum altitude (r=0.97) and maximum altitude (r=0.99) of seed populations. Number of seeds was also significantly correlated with maximum altitude (r=0.965). There was no significant correlation between geo-climatic variables and fruit dimensions (length and width). Observed variations in morphological traits within and across populations of T. tetraptera may be used as proxy to estimate genetic diversity and selection of superior trees for improved productivity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2008

Some physical properties of rapeseed such as geometric properties (linear dimensions, sphericity, seed volume, surface area) and gravimetric properties (the mass of one thousand seeds, bulk density) were analyzed at five levels of moisture content of 10.03, 14.91, 20.07, 25.06 and 30.12% (w.b.). The physical properties of rapeseed were evaluated as a function of seed moisture content. In the moisture range, when the moisture content increase, sphericity decreased from 0.946 to 0.927, and geometric mean diameter, seed volume and surface area increased from 2.17 to 2.31 mm, 5.58 to $6.88 \;mm^3$ and 14.76 to $16.77\;mm^2$ respectively. Mass of one thousand seeds increased from 5.04 to 6.46 g. Bulk density decreased from 579.3 to $549.2\;kg/m^3$ due to swelling of the seed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.431-438
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• 1999

An assessment of liquefaction potential is made in principle by comparing the shear stress induced by earthquake to the liquefaction strength of the soil. In this study, a modified method based on Seed and Idriss theory is developed for evaluating liquefaction potential. The shear stress in the ground can be evaluated with seismic response analysis and the liquefaction strength of the soil can be investigated by using cyclic triaxial tests. The cyclic triaxial tests are conducted in two different conditions in order to investigate the factors affecting liquefaction strength such as cyclic shear stress amplitude and relative density. And performance of the modified method in practical examples is demonstrated by applying it to liquefaction analysis of artificial zones with dimensions and material properties similar to those in a typical field. From the result, the modified method for assessing liquefaction potential can successfully evaluate the safety factor under moderate magnitude(M=6.5) of earthquake.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1737-1742
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• 2014

In this research, we further developed the one-step seed mediated method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and control their resulting shapes to obtain hexagonal, triangular, rod-shaped, and spherical gold nanostructures. Our method reveals that the reaction kinetics of formation of GNPs with different shapes can be controlled by the rate of addition of ascorbic acid, because this is the critical factor that dictates the energy barrier that needs to be overcome. This in turn affects the growth mechanism process, which involves the adsorption of growth species to gold nanoseeds. There were also observable trends in the dimensions of the GNPs according to different rates of addition of ascorbic acid. We performed further analyses to investigate and confirm the characteristics of the synthesized GNPs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.507-517
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• 2020

Several methods including morphometric analysis were used to distinguish small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) from yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), which have very similar external shapes. Morphometric analysis showed four considerable differences (p<0.05) among the total 48 morphometric dimensions, but no differences were seen in the classical dimensions (p>0.05). Rather, significant differences were seen in two truss dimensions: Insertion of dorsal fin base - origin of pectoral fin base and origin of anal fin base - origin of pectoral fin base, and two head part dimension: most anterior extension of the head - above of eye and above of eye - posterior aspect of operculum(p<0.05). However, the yellow croaker had higher values than the small yellow croaker in the other three morphometric dimensions except for the head part dimension of above of eye - posterior aspect of operculum of the four morphometric dimensions (p<0.05). The X-ray photographs indicated that the small yellow croaker (45.1±2.34°) had 8.4% more curved vertebral column than the yellow croaker(38.4±1.82°). A diamond-shaped cranium was found when the skin was peeled off from both fish but the commonly held fact that only the small yellow croaker has a diamond-shaped cranium is not accurate. Our results confirmed that the two fish could be definitely distinguished by their external body shape.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5 s.133
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

The anatomical structure of fusiform ray was examined by scanning electron microscopy (and microscopic images were analysed by image analyser) to explain the differences in radial fluid uptake between the extremes in the radial treatment data, i.e. between the selected trees of QCI (Queen Charlotte Islands in Rhondda, South Wales) and SO (South Oregon in Dalby, North-East England) planted in the UK. The ray structure of these two seed origins was examined microscopically and different patterns of ray composition were observed. The most important anatomical features influencing radial permeability were the nature of fusiform ray, and the condition of the resin canals, epithelial cells and intercellular spaces in particular.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 1996

The fundamental conditions for growing $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystal, new nonlinear optical material, were investigated. Stoichiometirc mixture of $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ composition resulted in the crystal of the same composition in the process of heating at the temperature above $600^{\circ}C$. No phase transition was observed in the $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystal in the temperature range of $600^{\circ}C~800^{\circ}C$, and $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystal melted congruently at $850^{\circ}C$. When the melt of this composition was cooled at rates of $1~150^{\circ}C/hr$, glass state ingot was formed regardless of cooling rates. However, $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystals were formed directly from the melt at any cooling rate in the presence of $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ seed crystal in the melt. Transparent $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ single crystal was grown from the melt using the seed crystal at the growing rate of 0.06 mm/hr in the furnace having the temperature gradient of $100^{\circ}C/cm$. Analysis of the single crystal showed that the crystal belonged to the noncentrosymmetric tetragonal space group 142d and unit cell dimensions were $a=10.467(1)\;{\AA},\;c=8.972(1)\;{\AA}\;and\;V=983.0(2)\;{\AA}^3$. Optical absorption edge of the crystal was observed at 180mm and the crystal showed a good optical transparency (70% transmittance, sample thickness 0.5 mm) in the wide wavelength range above 300 nm.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1205-1211
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• 2013

The structural and optical properties of the ZnO, Al-doped ZnO, Ga-doped ZnO, and In-doped ZnO nanorods were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. All the nanorods grew with good alignment on the ZnO seed layers and the ZnO nanorod dimensions could be controlled by the addition of the various dopants. For instance, the diameter of the nanorods decreased with increasing atomic number of the dopants. The ratio between the near-band-edge emission (NBE) and the deep-level emission (DLE) intensities ($I_{NBE}/I_{DLE}$) obtained by PL gradually decreased because the DLE intensity from the nanorods gradually increased with increase in the atomic number of the dopants. We found that the dopants affected the structural and optical properties of the ZnO nanorods including their dimensions, lattice constants, residual stresses, bond lengths, PL properties, transmittance values, optical band gaps, and Urbach energies.