• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1988

Research was conducted to obtain easy and secure methods for promoting germination of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonic a Steud.) seed. The effect of sodium hypochiorite (NaOCl) treatment on germination of seeds was compared with that of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment under conditions of duration of seed storage after harvest and temperature of treatment. Emergence of seedlings from soil and micro-flora infection rate among seed treatments were investigated. 1. The promotion of germination was much more evident in seeds treated with 4% NaOCl for 8 and 10 hours than in seeds treated with 25% or 30% KOH for 30 and 40 minutes. Longer durations of storage before seed treatment in KOH than in NaOCl were required to initiate enough germination. 2. Differences in temperature of treatment with NaOCT did not have much influence on germination of seeds and treatment temperature of 15˚C was better than that of 200˚C and 300˚C for promoting germination. But seed treatment with KOH significantly promoted germination with increasing temperature of treatment from I 5˚C to 20˚C and 30˚C. 3. GA$_3$ treatment enhanced germination in NaOCl-pretreated seeds at early stage of imbibition and in-creased about 10% germination after 10 days of imbibition in KOH-pretreated seeds. 4. NaOC1 treatments significantly decreased the rate of the infection of microflora in seed samples and enhaced emergence of seedlings from soil compared with KOH treatment. 5. NaOC1 treatment had advantage over KOH treatment with respect to ease of preparing, securing and handling in stimulating germinating of Korean lawngrass seeds.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of temperature, light quality and gibberellic acid on the seed germination of Rhododendron weyrichii Max. Optimum temperature for germination was $20^{\circ}C$ at constant temperature, but the final germination rate at $15^{\circ}C$ was about the same with the rates were attained by alternating temperature under higher temperature such as $25^{\circ}C$ or $30^{\circ}C$. The germination rate was increased by yellow and red light treatments at $20^{\circ}C$, but green light treatment strongly inhibited seed germination at $25^{\circ}C$. Gibberellic acid substitutes light requirement for germination of R. weyrichii seeds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.9-19
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• 1997

These studies were carried out to investigate seed propagation method and conducted using stem cuttings of Styrax japonicus for using as a woody landscape plant. The results are obtained as follows. After the H\sub2\SO\sub 4\ and GA\sub 3\ treatment to the seeds of Styrax japonicus, three months of warm treatment followed by cold stratification for four months increased seed germination rate. The rooting rate of Styrax japonicus was increased by the treatment with concentrated IBA, especially highest at 7,000ppm. Rooting percentages were highest for cuttings taken on July 15, 1995. Therefore, the most effective method for rooting of Styrax japonicus was treatment with 7,000ppm IBA on July 15 cuttings, which showed rooting rate of over 90%. Half-leaf-remained cuttings were more effective than those with two leaves on rooting of Styrax japonicus. Dipping for 10 seconds in IBA solution resulted in rooting rate of over 70%. The longer the treatment time the worse the rooting.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.266-270
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• 2010

Corylopsis coreana is an endangered Korean native plants. This is one of the genus that have high ornamental value for flowering plants available for garden shrub, bonsai, and pot plants. In this study, the methods to encourage seed germination rate were investigated for its ornamental uses. The germination rate of Corylopsis coreana seeds stored under dry-cold condition was very low, 12%, 12%, 8%, and 10%after 40, 70, 85, and 100 days storage respectively. But the germination rate of Corylopsis coreana seeds stored under wet-cold condition was higher than these, 20%, 54%, 78%, and 96% after 40, 70, 85, and 100 days storage respectively. Dry seeds sowed directly without $GA_3$ treatment showed no germination regardless of storage type(cold or room temp.) or storage periods. On the other hand, the soaking treatment with $GA_3$ 50~500 ppm for 24 hours was very effective to increase the germination rate. The most effective $GA_3$ levels was different by storage type(cold or room temp.) and storage periods. But the effect of $GA_3$ was decreased by prolonging of the storage period. Soaking treatment with $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 5, 10, 20 mM, $KNO_3$ 5, 10, 20 mM for 24 hours showed no effect.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to reduce seeding expenses, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm $GA_3$ with the cold storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 cm apart in rows 30 cm apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (12-10-10) was applied at $600kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at $25^{\circ}C$ and cold storage after submerging in $GA_3$. The highest seed yields ($4.5kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimum temperature and the effects of sulfuric acid, flowing water and $GA_3$ on the germination of Bupleurum falcatum. At the same time, the effect of germination-related compounds in Bupleurum falcatum seed was tested. Among the tested temperatures $(15,\;20,\;25\;and\;30^{\circ}C)$ the highest germination rate was obtained at $15^{\circ}C$. The optimum soaking time of sulfuric acid was 5 minutes at the concentration of both 0.1 and 1.0%. At the same time, the germination rate was highest when Bupleurum falcatum seed was washed for 2 days in the flowing water before germination test. The effect of $GA_3$ on the germination was highest at 100 ppm out of 10, 50 and 100 ppm. Regardless of treatments, the germination rate of Jeongseon species was higher than that of Mishima species. SEM photographs revealed that most of germination-inhibiting substances in the seed coat were washed away by rinsing in the flowing water for 2 days thus the seed coat became more smooth. The 4, 000 ppm alcohol extract of Bupleurum falcatum seeds inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds as much as 41.7% in Jeongseon species and 58.3% in Mishima species. The higher extract concentration from seed of Bupleurum falcatum, the lower the germination of lettuce seeds was obtained. Out of phenolic acids, the contents of orchinol, pyrogallol, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were highest in both varieties. Compared with Mishima species, Jeongseon species showed much higher content of salicylic and vanillic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.58-61
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• 2016

Bulk GaN crystals were grown by the basic ammonothermal method. The c-plane GaN templates grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy were used as seed crystals and sodium metal, amide, and azide were added as a mineralizer. The growth conditions are at temperatures from $500{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ and pressures from 2~3 kbar. The growth rate for the c-axis was increased with increasing the operating pressure. Average dislocation density was measured $1{\times}10^5/cm^2$ by the cathodoluminescence measurement. The full-width at half-maximum of the X-ray diffraction rocking curve for (002) reflection was approximately 270 arcsec for Ga face and 80 arcsec for N face.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2021

Zygotic embryo culture was performed to propagate evergreen oak, Quercus myrsinifolia, which has recalcitrant seeds and is difficult to propagate by cuttings. Zygotic embryos appeared in WPM medium after 14 days, and after 56 days, they developed into complete plants with cotyledons and roots. The medium suitable for zygotic embryo culture was 1/4 WPM medium, showing a shoot growth of 2.43 cm and root growth of 8.7 cm after 8 weeks of culture. As a result of investigating the effect of GA₃ on the growth of plants germinated from zygotic embryos through GA₃ treatment, the best growth was shown in 0.5 mg/l GA₃ treatment. The in vitro rooting and growth of IBA-treated zygotic embryo-derived plants were good in the 0.5 mg/l IBA treatment and rooting and shoot growth were not observed at higher concentrations. And the callus induction rate also increased as the concentration of IBA increased. Plants grown in vitro were transferred to a plastic pot containing artificial soil and acclimatized in a greenhouse for about 4 weeks, resulting in more than 90% survival. As a result of this study, the zygotic embryo culture method was confirmed to be effective for mass propagation of Q. myrsinifolia. The results of this study are expected to contribute significantly to the mass propagation of elite Q. myrsinifolia.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2012

Chilean wild flower seeds showed low germination rate and lacked germination uniformity. This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of light conditions, $GA_3$ (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L) and $KNO_3$ (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%) treatments on germination of five species of Chilean wild flower seeds. The seeds of $Schizanthus$ $candidus$, $Schizanthus$ $hookerii$, and $Schizanthus$ $litoralis$ did not germinated in light condition. The others did not show a significant different germination rate under light and dark conditions. The germination rate of $Mimulus$ $luteus$, $Schizanthus$ $candidus$, $Schizanthus$ $hookerii$ increased 2.3, 5.6, and 3.2 times compared with control, respectively in $GA_3$-200 mg/L treatment, but that of $Rhodophiala$ $ananuca$ enhanced slightly in $GA_3$-50 mg/L treatment. Those results suggested that the germination rate of Chilean wild flower seeds enhanced by $GA_3$ treatment that is very efficient in breaking seed dormancy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2015

In South Korea, Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (dwarf stone pine) has been designated as a critically endangered species by the Korea Forest Service. We have difficulties in obtaining the seeds of P. pumila because P. pumila grows only in the Daecheongbong area (1550–1700 m above sea level) of Mt. Seorak and almost all of its cones are damaged by birds and rodents. For establishing an ex situ conservation stand of P. pumila, this study was conducted to figure out the effects of wet cold (cold stratification, prechilling) and GA₃ treatment on the germination of P. pumila seeds. After cold stratification (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months), prechilling (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months) and GA₃ treatment (0, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ㎎/L), seeds were placed on petri-dishes at 25℃ under light condition. The percentage of germination, mean germination time and the germination rate were investigated. The results showed that both of the cold stratification and prechilling were effective in improving germination performances. However, there were no significant differences in performances between the two cold treatments. Within each treatment, the germination performances improved with the period of treatment. However, after three months of treatment, the performances showed no significant improvement. The gibberellin treatment was also effective in improving seed germination of P. pumila. The percentage of germination reached 79.0% in the seeds treated with 100 ㎎/L of GA₃. However, the germination performances decreased at high concentration of GA₃ treatments (over 2000 ㎎/L). In conclusion, cold stratification (over 3 months) or 100 ㎎/L of GA₃ treatment was considered to be the appropriate method for seedling production of P. pumila.