• 제목/요약/키워드: Secure payment

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저작권법에 준한 도서관봉사에 관한 연구 -미국과 한국의 저자재산권의 제한규정을 중시으로- (Limitations on Exclusive Rights of Authors for Library Reprography : A Comparative Examination of the Draft Revision of Korean Copyright Law with the New American Copyright Act of 1976)

  • 김향신
    • 한국도서관정보학회지
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    • 제11권
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    • pp.69-99
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    • 1984
  • A dramatic development in the new technology of copying materials has presented us with massive problems on reconciling the conflicts between copyright owners and potential users of copyrighted materials. The adaptation to this changing condition led some countries to revise their copyright laws such as in the U. S. in 1976 and in Korea in 1984 for merging with the international or universal copyright conventions in the future. Copyright defined as exclusive rights given to copyright owners aims to secure a fair return for an author's creative labor and to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public good. The exclusive rights on copyrightable matters, generally for reproduction, preparation of derivative works, public distribution, public performance, and public display, are limited by fair use for scholarship and criticism and by library reproduction for its preservation and interlibrary loan. These limitations on the exclusive rights are concerned with all aspects of library services and cause a great burden on librarian's daily duty to provide balance between the rights of creators and the needs of library patrons. The fair use as one of the limitations on it has been coupled with enormous growth of a new technology and extended from xerography to online database systems. The implementation of the fair use and library reprography in Korean law to the local practices is examined on the basis of the new American copyright act of 1976. Under the draft revision of Korean law, librarians will face many potential problems as summarized below. 1. Because the new provision of 'life time plus 50 years' will tie up substantial bodies of material longer than the old law, until that date librarians would need permissions from the owners and should pay attention to the author's death date. 2. Because the copyright can be sold, distributed, given to the heirs, donated, as a whole or a part, librarians should chase down the heirs and other second owners. In case of a derivative work, this is a real problem. 3. Since a work has its protection from the moment of its creation, the coverage of copyrightable matter would be extended to the published or the unpublished works and librarian's work load would be heavier. Without copyright registration, no one can be certain that a work is in the public domain. Therefore, librarians will need to check with an authority. 4. For implementation of limitations on exclusive rights, fair use and library reproduction for interlibrary loan, there can be no substantial aggregate use and there can be no systematic distribution of multicopies. Therefore, librarians should not substitute reproductions for subscriptions or purchases. 5. For the interlibrary loan by photocopying, librarians should understand the procedure of royalty payment. 6. Compulsory licenses should be understood by librarians. 7. Because the draft revision of Korean law is a reciprocal treaty, librarians should take care of other countries' copyright law to protect foreign authors from Korean law. In order to solve the above problems, some suggestions are presented below. 1. That copyright clearinghouse or central agency as a centralized royalty payment mechanism be established. 2. That the Korean Library Association establish a committee on copyright. 3. That the Korean Library Association propose guidelines for each occasion, e.g. for interlibrary loan, books and periodicals and music, etc. 4. That the Korean government establish a copyright office or an official organization for copyright control other than the copyright committee already organized by the government. 5. That the Korean Library Association establish educational programs on copyright for librarians through seminars or articles written in its magazines. 6. That individual libraries provide librarian's copyright kits. 7. That school libraries distribute subject bibliographies on copyright law to teachers. However, librarians should keep in mind that limitations on exclusive rights are not for an exemption from library reprography but as a convenient access to library resources.

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인지된 위험의 유형이 소비자 신뢰 및 온라인 구매의도에 미치는 영향 (The Impact of Perceived Risks Upon Consumer Trust and Purchase Intentions)

  • 홍일유;김우성;임병하
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 2011
  • Internet-based commerce has undergone an explosive growth over the past decade as consumers today find it more economical as well as more convenient to shop online. Nevertheless, the shift in the common mode of shopping from offline to online commerce has caused consumers to have worries over such issues as private information leakage, online fraud, discrepancy in product quality and grade, unsuccessful delivery, and so forth, Numerous studies have been undertaken to examine the role of perceived risk as a chief barrier to online purchases and to understand the theoretical relationships among perceived risk, trust and purchase intentions, However, most studies focus on empirically investigating the effects of trust on perceived risk, with little attention devoted to the effects of perceived risk on trust, While the influence trust has on perceived risk is worth studying, the influence in the opposite direction is equally important, enabling insights into the potential of perceived risk as a prohibitor of trust, According to Pavlou (2003), the primary source of the perceived risk is either the technological uncertainty of the Internet environment or the behavioral uncertainty of the transaction partner. Due to such types of uncertainty, an increase in the worries over the perceived risk may negatively affect trust, For example, if a consumer who sends sensitive transaction data over Internet is concerned that his or her private information may leak out because of the lack of security, trust may decrease (Olivero and Lunt, 2004), By the same token, if the consumer feels that the online merchant has the potential to profit by behaving in an opportunistic manner taking advantage of the remote, impersonal nature of online commerce, then it is unlikely that the merchant will be trusted, That is, the more the probable danger is likely to occur, the less trust and the greater need to control the transaction (Olivero and Lunt, 2004), In summary, a review of the related studies indicates that while some researchers looked at the influence of overall perceived risk on trust level, not much attention has been given to the effects of different types of perceived risk, In this context the present research aims at addressing the need to study how trust is affected by different types of perceived risk, We classified perceived risk into six different types based on the literature, and empirically analyzed the impact of each type of perceived risk upon consumer trust in an online merchant and further its impact upon purchase intentions. To meet our research objectives, we developed a conceptual model depicting the nomological structure of the relationships among our research variables, and also formulated a total of seven hypotheses. The model and hypotheses were tested using an empirical analysis based on a questionnaire survey of 206 college students. The reliability was evaluated via Cronbach's alphas, the minimum of which was found to be 0.73, and therefore the questionnaire items are all deemed reliable. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) designed to check the validity of the measurement model indicate that the convergent, discriminate, and nomological validities of the model are all acceptable. The structural equation modeling analysis to test the hypotheses yielded the following results. Of the first six hypotheses (H1-1 through H1-6) designed to examine the relationships between each risk type and trust, three hypotheses including H1-1 (performance risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust), H1-2 (psychological risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust) and H1-5 (online payment risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust) were supported with path coefficients of -0.30, -0.27 and -0.16 respectively. Finally, H2 (trust ${\rightarrow}$ purchase intentions) was supported with relatively high path coefficients of 0.73. Results of the empirical study offer the following findings and implications. First. it was found that it was performance risk, psychological risk and online payment risk that have a statistically significant influence upon consumer trust in an online merchant. It implies that a consumer may find an online merchant untrustworthy if either the product quality or the product grade does not match his or her expectations. For that reason, online merchants including digital storefronts and e-marketplaces are suggested to pursue a strategy focusing on identifying the target customers and offering products that they feel best meet performance and psychological needs of those customers. Thus, they should do their best to make it widely known that their products are of as good quality and grade as those purchased from offline department stores. In addition, it may be inferred that today's online consumers remain concerned about the security of the online commerce environment due to the repeated occurrences of hacking or private information leakage. Online merchants should take steps to remove potential vulnerabilities and provide online notices to emphasize that their website is secure. Second, consumer's overall trust was found to have a statistically significant influence on purchase intentions. This finding, which is consistent with the results of numerous prior studies, suggests that increased sales will become a reality only with enhanced consumer trust.

국제물품매매계약에서 매도인의 계약위반에 대한 매수인의 손해배상청구권 행사의 문제점 - CISG와 UNIDROIT Principles(2010)을 중심으로- (A Study on the Problems in Exercising Buyer's Right to Claim Damages for the Breach of Contract by the Seller in International Sales Contract - Focusing on CISG and UNIDROIT Principles(2010) -)

  • 오원석;윤영미;임성철
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제58권
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    • pp.3-33
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this paper is to examine the problems in exercising buyer's right to claim damages for the breach of contract by the seller in international sales contract and to suggest reasonable counter-measures. The main contents are as follows: First, this author analyzed the principles of the seller's liability for damages in detail and examined the methods for the calculation of damages on the basis of Arts.74~77. As these articles are found to be insufficient in practical application, this author further examined the UNIDROIT Principles(2004) to confirm whether these Principles can fill the gaps of CISG or not, which turned out their gap-filling functions. Second, this author tried to find any expected problems when the buyer resorts to the right to claim damages in case of the seller's breach of contract including the estimation of damages, the burden of proof, causation, the proof of appropriateness for avoidance, the proof of buyer's obligation to mitigate the loss and so on. The reason is that these problems may cause a lot of difficulties in real business. As result, many buyers have given up their reasonable rights to claim damages so far. Finally, from the buyer's perspective, this author would like to suggest a liquidated damage clause(LD Clause) which gives the buyer to received a specified sum in case of seller's non-performance and/or a demand guarantee(or standby L/C) which guarantees buyer to secure unconditional payment independent of the underlying contract. For these purposes, the buyer should try to insert the LD Clause and/or Guarantee Clause in the contract when the buyer and the seller negotiate the sales contract. Also there are a lot of considerations and limitations in using the LD Clause and the Guarantee Clause in their real business, mainly dependent up bargain power between the seller and the buyer, for which this author promise to examine in detail in the future.

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한국 정신박약아의 실태 조사 연구(교육기관 및 시설을 중심으로) (Study on Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children in Korea(Particularly Regarding Their Accommodation and Education Facilities))

  • 김초강
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.115-129
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    • 1971
  • As the result of a survey conducted by the author on the status of tile 12 educational institutions for mentally retarded children in Korea and their quartering facilities as well as on 934 children accommodated in such institutions, the following conclusion has been reached: 1) More than a half (approximately 58 percent) of the facilities for mentally retarded children are concentrated in Seoul. About eighty-three percent of these facilities are private establishments, of which 70 percent have their proprietors concurrently as their superintendents. Although these facilities were first established as many as 22 years ago, it has been only five or six years since education was actually started for mentally restarted children. 2) Out of a total of 179 employes, teachers number 99, there by constituting approximately 57.6 percent. Out of them, however, only 32 teachers or 2.8 percent have special teachers licenses. Thus, each teachers has to take care of an average of 29 children. This is excessive a number of children per teachers in view of the special nature of this education, there by indication how urgent it would be to secure more teachers lot this field. 3) Out of the mantally retarded children investigated 57.6 percent suffer from physical disorder in addition to mental retardation, 53.0 percent from mental alienation illnesses besides retardation, and 25 pent from physical, mental disorders in addition to retardation. It is therefore necessary to maintain medical and nursing facilities together with educational facilities. however, two places have no medical facilities at all, and four other places, without medical personnel, have to receive medical support from nearby hospitals or clinics. 4) The total number of children in the surveyed facilities is 934, who can be broken down into 58.7 percent boys and 41.3 percent for girls. They are classified into 12.5 percent for idiot, 37.7 percent for imbeciles, 32.7 percent for morons, and 17.3 percent for thoes children on borderline. Their average age is 13.9 years. 5) As the result of education, the illiteracy rate of mentally retarded children has decreased from 78.1 percent to 32.1 percent while the percentage of those taking the primary school course has increased for 12.2 per cent to 33.5 percent. As a result, it has been learned that education is definitely necessary for Retarded children though it may be a difficult task. 6) The children who have mentally retarded children among their brothers or sisters constitute 6.3 percent of the total number. The corresponding rate for boys is 3.5 percent while that for girls is a remarkably higher rate 10.6 percent. Through studies on the causes of their mental retardation, it has been learned that 39.6 percent of them is of the inherent type and 35.3 percent is of the environmental type. Control and improvement of health of mothers and children, early diagnosis and early treatment are believed to be very important because they could prevent or alleviant much of these conditions. 7) The storage age of teachers and employes is 35.3 years, an indication that a great proportion of them is experienced in a way or another as their major difficulty or problems in serving with these special school, 22.5 percent cited inadequate payment 24.5 gave the inadequate public understanding, and 22.5 percent pointed out the lack of understanding on the part of give parents.

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친환경 밤의 소비자 인식 및 지불의사금액 분석 (A Study on Consumer Perception and Willingness to Pay for Environmentally Friendly Chestnuts in Korea)

  • 김재성;김의경;최수임;정병헌
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제95권4호
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    • pp.415-422
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구는 임산물 가운데 생산과 수출 양면에서 가장 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 밤을 대상으로 친환경 밤에 대한 소비자 구입의향 및 행태를 통계학적으로 종합 분석하여 친환경 밤의 소비확대를 도모할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라 소비중심지인 서울(350명)과 수도권의 신도시 일산(150명), 분당(150명) 등 총 650명의 가정주부를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 친환경 밤에 대한 소비촉진 활동은 모든 소비자를 대상으로 하기보다는 일차적으로 대도시에 거주하고 있는 3~4인 가족, 연령층은 30~40대의 젊은 주부계층, 교육 수준은 대졸학력 이상, 윌평균 수입액은 450만원 이상 고소득, 친환경임산물을 구입한 경험이 있는 소비자 등을 특정 표적대상으로 하여 소비확대 방안을 마련하는 것이 효과적이라 할 수 있다. 이를 위해서는 친환경임산물 판매처의 안정적인 확보와 함께 소비자가 인식하고 있는 친환경 밤에 대한 가치와 품질이 가격에 반영되는 가격설정이 필요하다. 이는 본 연구에서 실시한 소비자들의 종합적이며 결집된 지표인 친환경 밤에 대한 지불의사금액을 기초로 가능할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

일본의 보조기구 서비스 운영체계에 관한 연구 -장해자자립지원법(障害者自立支援法)에 따른 보조기구 서비스 운영 체계를 중심으로- (A Study on the Assistive Technology Service Operation System in Japan)

  • 조흥식;김진우;김용득;서동명;고미선;김준영
    • 재활복지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.27-51
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 일본의 장해자자립지원법 제정 이후 변화된 장애인복지서비스제도 중 보조기구 서비스 운영체계를 중심으로 살펴보고, 우리나라의 보조기구 서비스 전달체계 구축에 대한 함의를 얻고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 문헌조사 및 현장방문조사를 실시하여 장해자자립지원법 제정 이후 장애인복지서비스 및 보조기구서비스 제도에 있어서의 변화 내용을 구체적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구결과, 자립지원제도의 도입으로 장애인복지서비스에 투입되는 재정과 서비스 이용자의 확대가 이루어졌으며, 장애유형에 관계없이 전 장애인을 포괄하는 일원화된 서비스 체계를 구축한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 보조기구 서비스에 있어서도 기존의 조치제도 및 지원비 제도와는 달리 급여의 제공방식에 있어서 이용자 선택권과 소비자와 제공자의 대등한 관계를 보장하면서 지속가능한 서비스 운영체계를 구축하기 위한 방법을 도입하고자 하였다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라의 장애인보조기구 서비스 전달체계 구축에 있어서 서비스 이용의 전반적인 과정에 이용자의 선택권이 보장되어야 하고 계약관계를 통한 권익옹호 방안의 마련이 필요하며, 다양한 분야의 전문가들의 협업을 담보하는 전달체계 구축마련이 필요하다는 것 등에 대한 시사점을 제시하는 것이다.

ICO 기반 자금 투자에 대한 연구 (A study on ICO-based fund investment)

  • 유순덕
    • 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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    • 제19권5호
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    • pp.25-32
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구의 목적은 시장에서 ICO에 대한 올바른 투자를 위한 방안을 조사하는 것이다. 이전에는 기업들이 자금조달을 위해서는 은행에서 차입하거나, VC(벤처 캐피탈)과 엔젤 투자자로 부터 출자를 받는 방법들을 주로 사용하였지만, 현재 ICO는 새로운 형태의 자금투자 및 조달 모델로 사용되고 있다. ICO는 블록체인을 기반으로 생성된 토큰 또는 코인을 온라인상에서 공개적으로 판매하여 필요한 자금을 조달하고, 투자자에게 투자금액에 따른 토큰 또는 코인을 지급하여 시장 가치를 제공한다. 본 연구 조사에 따르면, ICO 시장의 한계요인으로 (1) 해당 기업평가의 어려움, (2) 투자의 불확실성, (3) 법적 안전장치 결여, (4) 모집 후의 기업의 안정성 확보방안이 미흡이다. 현재 국내의 경우 ICO를 법적인 테두리에서 보호하지 않아 이를 제도적으로 대응 할 수 있는 방법은 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 존재하고 있는 ICO 시장에 대한 올바른 투자를 위한 방안을 제시하였다. ICO 투자 시, 투자자는 (1) 투자방법 및 수익성 고려, (2) 투자사기 여부를 다양한 채널로 검증 및 판단(ex. 홈페이지, 구성팀 프로필 등)하고 이를 기반으로 투자가 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구는 새롭게 등장한 ICO 시장에 대한 이해 도모와 이에 자금투자 시 검토사항에 대해 연구하여 올바른 투자자 양성에 기여하고 사기 등으로 인한 소비자 피해의 양산을 줄여 건강한 ICO 시장 형성에 기여 할 것이다. 본 연구의 한계는 아직 국내는 ICO를 법적인 테두리에서 검토되지 않고 있어 향후 정책적 변화가 발생할 때 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

해양플랜트공사계약상 제조물인도지연에 따른 당사자의 법적 책임에 관한 고찰 (A Study on the Legal Liabilities of Contractor as a Delay in the Product Delivery on the Offshore Plant Construction Contract)

  • 진호현
    • 해사법연구
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.115-144
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    • 2017
  • 2007년 미국에서 시작된 글로벌 금융위기의 영향은 국내의 해운 조선 분야에도 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 이와 관련하여 국내 조선소는 해운경기 악화로 인한 상선 수주물량 감소의 대체수단으로 여러 방면에서 수주전략을 수립하였고, 선택한 분야가 해양플랜트였다. 그러나 국내 조선소는 해양플랜트 관련 계약이 갖고 있는 위험성 분석에 대한 대비 없이 단순한 매출액 확대와 일감확보를 위한 무리한 영업 수주전략을 추진하였다. 이러한 결과, 해양플랜트 발주자와 초기에 계약한 금액보다 많은 비용이 투입되거나 제조물 인도지연에 따른 지체상금을 지급해야 하는 법적인 문제로 확대되었다. 주요 법적분쟁의 원인은 해양플랜트공사 시 발생할 수 있는 비선형모델에 의한 위험성 분석, 공정관리의 미숙, 국내 조선소가 "Engineering Procurement Construction 일괄계약"을 사용하는 해양플랜트공사계약의 이해 부족에 기인한다. 특히, 위험성 관리 항목의 한 요소로써 계약상의 독소조항에 대한 충분한 검토가 이루어지지 않은 점에 있다. 이러한 계약서를 검토할 만한 인력도 부재하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 계약목적물의 인도지연이 발생할 수 있는 구체적 위험성의 존재를 식별하고, 해양플랜트공사계약 상에는 어떠한 불공정조항이 존재하며, 그러한 불공정조항이 실제 양 당사자에게 어떻게 적용되는지를 국내 조선소의 프로젝트 관리자의 인터뷰와 선행연구를 참조하여 구체적 위험요소가 계약상으로 어떻게 함의되는가에 대해서 살펴보았다. 이를 통하여 해양플랜트공사계약상 제조물인도지연에 관한 계약당사자의 법적 책임관계와 국내 조선 해양플랜트 산업발전에 기여할 수 있는 개선방안을 도출하였다.