• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.533-541
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• 2017

Agricultural landscape has many ecosystem service functions. However, the development of the horticulture complex has no consideration for environmental conservation. Therefore, we analyzed the priorities of ecosystem service functions required for the composition. The study was conducted in three stages. As a result of the first survey, 17 functions were selected to be improved. In the second survey, 12 functions were selected excluding 5 functions. Finally, 1. Measures for water purification, 2. Groundwater recharge plan, 3. Surface water storage space, 4. Flood control measures, 5. Vegetation diversity space, 6. Carbon emission reduction plan, 7. Aquatic insect habitat space, 8. Amphibian reptiles 9. Landscape and Waste Management, 10. Bird Species Space, 11. Heat Island Mitigation Plan, 12. Experience / Ecological Education Plan. We proposed the structure, capacity, flow rate, arrangement and form of the water treatment facility to improve water quality by improving the function. We proposed a reservoir space of 7-10% for groundwater recharge. The development of reservoir and storage facilities suitable for the Korean situation is suggested for the surface water storage and flood control measures. And proposed to secure a green space for the climate cycle. Proposed habitat and nutrient discharge management for biodiversity. We propose green area development and wetland development to improve the landscape, and put into the facilities for experiential education. The results of the research can be utilized for the development and improvement of the horticultural complex.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

As the world becomes more globalized, business competition becomes fiercer, while consumers' needs for less expensive quality products are on the increase. Business operations make an effort to secure a competitive edge in costs and services, and the logistics industry, that is, the industry operating the storing and transporting of goods, once thought to be an expense, begins to be considered as the third cash cow, a source of new income. Logistics centers are central to storage, loading and unloading of deliveries, packaging operations, and dispensing goods' information. As hubs for various deliveries, they also serve as a core infrastructure to smoothly coordinate manufacturing and selling, using varied information and operation systems. Logistics centers are increasingly on the rise as centers of business supply activities, growing beyond their previous role of primarily storing goods. They are no longer just facilities; they have become logistics strongholds that encompass various features from demand forecast to the regulation of supply, manufacturing, and sales by realizing SCM, taking into account marketability and the operation of service and products. However, despite these changes in logistics operations, some centers have been unable to shed their past roles as warehouses. For the continuous development of logistics centers, various measures would be needed, including a revision of current supporting policies, formulating effective management plans, and establishing systematic standards for founding, managing, and controlling logistics centers. To this end, the research explored previous studies on the use and effectiveness of logistics centers. From a theoretical perspective, an evaluation of the overall introduction, purposes, and transitions in the use of logistics centers found issues to ponder and suggested measures to promote and further advance logistics centers. First, a fact-finding survey to establish demand forecast and standardization is needed. As logistics newspapers predicted that after 2012 supply would exceed demand, causing rents to fall, the business environment for logistics centers has faltered. However, since there is a shortage of fact-finding surveys regarding actual demand for domestic logistic centers, it is hard to predict what the future holds for this industry. Accordingly, the first priority should be to get to the essence of the current market situation by conducting accurate domestic and international fact-finding surveys. Based on those, management and evaluation indicators should be developed to build the foundation for the consistent advancement of logistics centers. Second, many policies for logistics centers should be revised or developed. Above all, a guideline for fair trade between a shipper and a commercial logistics center should be enacted. Since there are no standards for fair trade between them, rampant unfair trades according to market practices have brought chaos to market orders, and now the logistics industry is confronting its own difficulties. Therefore, unfair trade cases that currently plague logistics centers should be gathered by the industry and fair trade guidelines should be established and implemented. In addition, restrictive employment regulations for foreign workers should be eased, and logistics centers should be charged industry rates for the use of electricity. Third, various measures should be taken to improve the management environment. First, we need to find out how to activate value-added logistics. Because the traditional purpose of logistics centers was storage and loading/unloading of goods, their profitability had a limit, and the need arose to find a new angle to create a value added service. Logistic centers have been perceived as support for a company's storage, manufacturing, and sales needs, not as creators of profits. The center's role in the company's economics has been lowering costs. However, as the logistics' management environment spiraled, along with its storage purpose, developing a new feature of profit creation should be a desirable goal, and to achieve that, value added logistics should be promoted. Logistics centers can also be improved through cost estimation. In the meantime, they have achieved some strides in facility development but have still fallen behind in others, particularly in management functioning. Lax management has been rampant because the industry has not developed a concept of cost estimation. The centers have since made an effort toward unification, standardization, and informatization while realizing cost reductions by establishing systems for effective management, but it has been hard to produce profits. Thus, there is an urgent need to estimate costs by determining a basic cost range for each division of work at logistics centers. This undertaking can be the first step to improving the ineffective aspects of how they operate. Ongoing research and constant efforts have been made to improve the level of effectiveness in the manufacturing industry, but studies on resource management in logistics centers are hardly enough. Thus, a plan to calculate the optimal level of resources necessary to operate a logistics center should be developed and implemented in management behavior, for example, by standardizing the hours of operation. If logistics centers, shippers, related trade groups, academic figures, and other experts could launch a committee to work with the government and maintain an ongoing relationship, the constraint and cooperation among members would help lead to coherent development plans for logistics centers. If the government continues its efforts to provide financial support, nurture professional workers, and maintain safety management, we can anticipate the continuous advancement of logistics centers.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2010

Recently concerns have been raised due to the unbalanced supply of crops: the price of crops has been unstable and at one point the price went up so high that the word Agflation(agriculture+ inflation) was coined. Korea, in particular, is a small-sized country and needs to secure the stable supply of crops by investing in the produce importation at a national level. Investment in foreign produce importation is becoming more important as a measure for sufficient supply of crops, limited supply of domestic crops, weakened farming conditions worldwide, as well as recent changes in the use of crops due to the development of bio-fuels, influence of carbon emission on crops, the price increase in crops, and influx of foreign hot money. However, there are many problems with investing in foreign produce importation: lack of support from the government; lack of farming information and technology; difficulty in securing the capital; no immediate pay-off from the investment and insufficient management. Although foreign produce is originally more price-competitive than domestic produce, it loses its competiveness in the process of importation (due to high tariffs) and poor distribution system, which makes it difficult to sell in Korea. Therefore, investment in foreign produce importation is being questioned for feasibility; to make it possible, foreign produce must maintain the price-competitiveness. Especially, harvest of agricultural products depends on natural and geographical conditions of each country and those products have indigenous properties, so distribution system according to import and export of agricultural products should be treated more carefully than that of other industries. Distribution costs are differentiated into each item and include cost of sorting and wrapping, cost of wrapping materials, cost of domestic transport, cost of international transport and cost of clearing customs for import and export. So transporting and storing agricultural products generates considerable costs compared with other products. Also, due to upgrade of dietary life, needs for stability, taste and visible quality toward food including agricultural products are being raised and wrong way of storage causes decomposition of food and loss of freshness, making the storage more difficult than that in room temperature, so storage and transport in distribution of agricultural products needs specialty. In addition, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. However, existing distribution system of agricultural products is exposed to various problems including problems in distribution channel, making distribution and strategy for distribution and those problems are as follows. First, in case of investment in overseas agricultural industry, stable supply of the products is difficult because areas of production are dispersed widely and influenced by outer factors due to including overseas distribution channels. Also, at the aspect of quality, standardization of products is difficult, distribution system is quite complicated and unreasonable due to long distribution channels according to international trade and financial and institutional support is not enough. Especially, there are quite a lot of ineffective factors including multi level distribution process, dramatic gap between production cost and customer's cost, lack of physical distribution facilities and difficulties in storage and transport due to lack of wrapping containers. Besides, because import and export of agricultural products has been manages under the company's own distribution according to transaction contract between manufacturers and exporting company, efficiency is low due to excessive investment in fixed costs and lack of specialty in dealing with agricultural products causes fall of value of products, showing the limit to lose price-competitiveness. Especially, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. Second, among tangible and intangible services which promote the efficiency of the whole distribution, a function building distribution environment which includes distribution information, system for standard and inspection, distribution finance, system for diversification of risks, education and training, distribution administration and tax system is wanted. In general, such a function building distribution environment is difficult to be changed and supplement innovatively because its effect compared with investment does not appear immediately despite of its necessity. Especially, in case of distribution of agricultural products, as a function of collecting and distributing is performed individually through various channels, the importance of distribution information and standardization is getting more focus due to the problem of repetition of work and lack of specialty. Also, efficient management of distribution is quite difficult due to lack of professionals in distribution, so support to professional education is needed. Third, though effort to keep self-sufficiency ratio of staple food, rice is regarded as important at the government level, level of dependency on overseas of others crops is high. Therefore, plan for stable securing food resources aside from staple food is also necessary. Especially, governmental organizations of agricultural products distribution in Korea are production-centered and have unreasonable structure whose function at the aspect of distribution and consumption is quite insufficient. And development of new distribution channels which can deal with changes in distribution environment and they do not achieve actual results of strategy for distribution due to non-positive strategy for price distribution. That is, it implies the possibility that base for supply will become vulnerable because it does not mediate appropriate interests on total distribution channels such as manufacturers, wholesale dealers and vendors by emphasizing consumer protection excessively in the distribution of agricultural products. Therefore, this study examined fundamental concept and actual situation for our investment to overseas agriculture, drew necessities, considerations, problems, etc. of overseas agricultural investment and suggested improvements at the level of distribution for price competitiveness of agricultural products cultivated in overseas under five aspects; government's indirect support, distribution's modernization and distribution information function's strengthening, government's political support for distribution facility, transportation route, load and unloading works' improvement, price competitiveness' securing, professional manpower's cultivation by education and training, etc. Here are some suggestions for foreign produce importation. First, the government should conduct a survey on the current distribution channels and analyze the situation to establish a measure for long-term development plans. By providing each agricultural area with a guideline for planning appropriate production of crops, the government can help farmers be ready for importation, and prevent them from producing same crops all at the same time. Government can sign an MOU with the foreign government and promote the importation so that the development of agricultural resources can be stable and steady. Second, the government can establish a strategy for an effective distribution system by providing farmers and agriculture-related workers with the distribution information such as price, production, demand, market structure and location, feature of each crop, and etc. In order for such distribution system to become feasible, the government needs to reconstruct the current distribution system, designate a public organization for providing distribution information and set the criteria for level of produce quality, trade units, and package units. Third, the government should provide financial support and a policy to seek an efficient distribution channel for foreign produce to be delivered fresh: the government should expand distribution facilities (for selecting, packaging, storing, and processing) and transportation vehicles while modernizing old facilities. There should be another policy to improve the efficiency of unloading, and to lower the cost of distribution. Fourth, it is necessary to enact a new law covering exceptional cases for importing produce in order to maintain the price competitiveness; currently the high tariffs is keeping the imported produce from being distributed domestically. However, the new adjustment should be made carefully within the WTO regulations since it can create a problem from giving preferential tariffs. The government can also simplify the distribution channels in order to reduce the cost in the distribution process. Fifth, the government should educate distributors to raise the efficiency and to modernize the distribution system. It is necessary to develop human resources by educating people regarding the foreign agricultural environment, the produce quality, management skills, and by introducing some successful cases in advanced countries.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.16
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• pp.97-146
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• 2007

Those days when people used paper to make up and manage all kinds of documents in the process of their jobs are gone now. Today electronic types of documents have replaced paper. Unlike paper documents, electronic ones contribute to the maximum job efficiency with their convenience in production and storage. But they too have some disadvantages; it's difficult to distinguish originals and copies like paper documents; it's not easy to examine if there is a change or damage to the documents; they are also prone to alteration and damage by the external influences in the electronic environment; and electronic documents require enormous amounts of workforce and costs for immediate measures to be taken according to the changes to the S/W and H/W environment. Despite all those weaknesses, however, electronic documents increasingly account for more percentage in the current job environment thanks to their job convenience and efficiency of production costs. Both the government and private sector have made efforts to come up with plans to maximize their advantages and minimize their risks at the same time. One of the methods is the Authorized Retention Center which is described in the study. There are a couple of prerequisites for its smooth operation; they should guarantee the legal validity of electronic documents in the administrative aspects and first secure the reliability and authenticity of electronic documents in the technological aspects. Responding to those needs, the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy and the Korea Institute for Electronic Commerce, which were the two main bodies to drive the Authorized Retention Center project, revised the Electronic Commerce Act and supplemented the provisions to guarantee the legal validity of electronic documents in 2005 and conducted researches on the ways to preserve electronic documents for a long term and secure their reliability, which had been demanded by the users of the center, in 2006. In an attempt to fulfill those goals of the Authorized Retention Center, this study researched technical standard for electronic record information package of the center and applied the ISO 14721 information package model that's the standard for the long-term preservation of digital data. It also suggested a process to produce and manage information package so that there would be the SIP, AIP and DIP metadata features for the production, preservation, and utilization by users points of electronic documents and they could be implemented according to the center's policies. Based on the previous study, the study introduced the flow charts among the production and progress process, application methods and packages of technical standard for electronic record information package at the center and suggested some issues that should be consistently researched in the field of records management based on the results.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.92-109
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• 2015

Broadcast encryption is a cryptographic primitive that allows a sender to securely broadcast a message to a set of receivers. The most influential broadcast encryption system was proposed in 2001 by Naor, Naor, Lotspiech, based on a pseudo-random generator and the Subset Difference (SD) method. In this paper, we suggest a new broadcast encryption system that is based on secret sharing and SD methods. On an efficiency aspect, our system achieves O(r) transmission cost, O($log^2n$) storage cost, and O(1) computational cost for the number n of users and the number r of revoked users. Compared to O(log n) computational cost in the previous SD method, our system has the advantage that it needs only constant-sized computational cost for decryption, regardless of the number n or r. On a security aspect, our system can achieve tighter security reduction than the previous SD method and the gap of security loss is about O(n log n). Moreover, our result shows that it is possible to give the effect of the SD method while using an information-theoretically secure key distribution technique as in the Complete Subtree method.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-39
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• 2001

The study, using the input-output analysis of 402 industrial sectors by Bank of Korea(BOK) and the resulting outcomes of price model, aims to evaluate the spillover effects the international fluctuations in crude oil prices have on the commodities prices and consequently, analyse the management and profitability of the offshore fisheries in Korea. At present, the fisher men are provided with tax-free oils for their fishing operations as specified under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law. However, the exhaustion of marine resources and new international fisheries agreements, which resulted in the loss of fishing grounds, made the stable catch even more unpredictable and the hike in the price of the international crude oil would have adverse effects on the fishing industry. The study revealed that the increasing rise in the price of crude oil would exert sweeping spillover effects on other industry sectors in general and accordingly, lead to a poorer performance by fisheries. The price spillover coefficients for the diesel oil was 0.6026, which would translate into the 42.6% increase in the prices of oil when the increase ratio of 73.3% for the base crude oil was applied based on the calculation methods employed in the study. This in turn increased the ratio of diesel oil required in the offshore fisheries from 23.3% to 16.6%, diminishing the ratio of current net profits to minus 2.0% from 4.2% otherwise. By fishing type, the Pair Trawl suffered current net profits loss most by ratio of minus 9.4% and other fisheries such as Coastal Stow Nets, Coastal Angling, Danish Sein also suffered ratio of 7% and more in the loss of current net profits. With the deteriorating fishing performance, coupled with the increasing international crude oil prices, it is urgently required that the authorities concerned deliberate in depth on such schemes as follows in efforts to secure stable fishing production. First, provision of large-scale storage facilities for oil is needed to timely adapt to the fluctuations in international crude oil prices. Secondly, in line with the stabilization of tax-free oil prices, duty levied on oils for fishing and tax collected from the refineries need to be tax-exempt. Thirdly, the beneficiaries from the provision of tax-free oil should be broadened, not limited to special fishing operation only. Fourth, investment in stabilization of the oil prices should be encouraged, possibly through funding from the formation of fisheries development funds underway.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

Detached residential housing areas are located in the west part of Pangyo City. Seven areas of them are designated for the displaced residents from their original homes by the city development, in which commercial use on the first floor is permitted. The District Plan for the areas were establishes, and one of its main goals is to secure privately owned public spaces (POPS). This research conducted a post enumeration survey on the POPS on the blocks in the seven areas, which blocks contain inner corridors between two rows of housing units. Analytical review of the survey result reveals that (1) POPS facing roads are mainly being used as parking lots or expansion-spaces for the commercial use on the first floor, (2) inner POPS forming corridors are being neglected and otherwise being used as storage areas or outdoor sub-kitchen spaces, and (3) no consideration has been taken for the continuity of the sloped corridors. Regardless of a few good practices in terms of air circulation and lighting, the POPS in the blocks prove to be limited in following the plan's original design intentions and principles.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.653-659
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• 2018

High-rise buildings and complex facilities are a representative urban system for the masses, and it requires an increasing role of commodity and safety. Smoke and toxic gasses can cause accidents due to fire in these systems. The purpose of this study is to develop a fiber screen material for emergency evacuation passages that can be avoided quickly and safely in cases of disasters. The fiber screen material is applicable to folding devices for emergency evacuation passages. The material is different from general steel material in that it is lightweight with less burden during storage for a long time in a roll form in a folding device. It also has an excellent secondary function in that it is less affected by radiant heat. Three kinds of fiber screen materials were selected that have good flame retardancy and post-processing characteristics. A performance evaluation was performed by a heat shrinkage test, contact heat test, combustibility test, flame retardancy test, tensile strength test, and tear strength test. As a result, the lightweight fabric shows excellent performance through post-processing, and silicone resin coating can secure safety of the pizza by the fiber screen material performance and radiant heat. The optimum post-treatment conditions were evaluated by performing a burning test after coating two kinds of glass fibers and four types of flame-retardant silicone resins with different weight and thickness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.115-129
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• 1971

As the result of a survey conducted by the author on the status of tile 12 educational institutions for mentally retarded children in Korea and their quartering facilities as well as on 934 children accommodated in such institutions, the following conclusion has been reached: 1) More than a half (approximately 58 percent) of the facilities for mentally retarded children are concentrated in Seoul. About eighty-three percent of these facilities are private establishments, of which 70 percent have their proprietors concurrently as their superintendents. Although these facilities were first established as many as 22 years ago, it has been only five or six years since education was actually started for mentally restarted children. 2) Out of a total of 179 employes, teachers number 99, there by constituting approximately 57.6 percent. Out of them, however, only 32 teachers or 2.8 percent have special teachers licenses. Thus, each teachers has to take care of an average of 29 children. This is excessive a number of children per teachers in view of the special nature of this education, there by indication how urgent it would be to secure more teachers lot this field. 3) Out of the mantally retarded children investigated 57.6 percent suffer from physical disorder in addition to mental retardation, 53.0 percent from mental alienation illnesses besides retardation, and 25 pent from physical, mental disorders in addition to retardation. It is therefore necessary to maintain medical and nursing facilities together with educational facilities. however, two places have no medical facilities at all, and four other places, without medical personnel, have to receive medical support from nearby hospitals or clinics. 4) The total number of children in the surveyed facilities is 934, who can be broken down into 58.7 percent boys and 41.3 percent for girls. They are classified into 12.5 percent for idiot, 37.7 percent for imbeciles, 32.7 percent for morons, and 17.3 percent for thoes children on borderline. Their average age is 13.9 years. 5) As the result of education, the illiteracy rate of mentally retarded children has decreased from 78.1 percent to 32.1 percent while the percentage of those taking the primary school course has increased for 12.2 per cent to 33.5 percent. As a result, it has been learned that education is definitely necessary for Retarded children though it may be a difficult task. 6) The children who have mentally retarded children among their brothers or sisters constitute 6.3 percent of the total number. The corresponding rate for boys is 3.5 percent while that for girls is a remarkably higher rate 10.6 percent. Through studies on the causes of their mental retardation, it has been learned that 39.6 percent of them is of the inherent type and 35.3 percent is of the environmental type. Control and improvement of health of mothers and children, early diagnosis and early treatment are believed to be very important because they could prevent or alleviant much of these conditions. 7) The storage age of teachers and employes is 35.3 years, an indication that a great proportion of them is experienced in a way or another as their major difficulty or problems in serving with these special school, 22.5 percent cited inadequate payment 24.5 gave the inadequate public understanding, and 22.5 percent pointed out the lack of understanding on the part of give parents.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.64-77
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• 2009

A proxy re-encryption scheme allows Alice to temporarily delegate the decryption rights to Bob via a proxy. Alice gives the proxy a re-encryption key so that the proxy can convert a ciphertext for Alice into the ciphertext for Bob. Recently, ID-based proxy re-encryption schemes are receiving considerable attention for a variety of applications such as distributed storage, DRM, and email-forwarding system. And a non-interactive identity-based proxy re-encryption scheme was proposed for achieving CCA-security by Green and Ateniese. In the paper, we show that the identity-based proxy re-encryption scheme is unfortunately vulnerable to a collusion attack. The collusion of a proxy and a malicious user enables two parties to derive other honest users' private keys and thereby decrypt ciphertexts intended for only the honest user. To solve this problem, we propose two ID-based proxy re-encryption scheme schemes, which are proved secure under CPA and CCA in the random oracle model. For achieving CCA-security, we present self-authentication tag based on short signature. Important features of proposed scheme is that ciphertext structure is preserved after the ciphertext is re-encrypted. Therefore it does not lead to ciphertext expansion. And there is no limitation on the number of re-encryption.