• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.141-164
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• 2015

The concept of consumption-based greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is directly related with the carbon content of international trade. Along the lines of the consumption-based GHG inventory, we investigate domestic and foreign carbon contents embodied in sectoral exports of Korea. In addition to the analysis of carbon content of exports, it is investigated how much share of responsibility for carbon emissions of Korea belongs to each major trading partner of Korea. We also compute the carbon intensities of Korean exports in carbon chain with other trading partners and find some characteristics revealed in Korea's carbon emissions embodied in its exports.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.3-20
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• 1990

The multisector model is designed to analyze and forecast structural change in industrial output, employment, capital and relative price as well as macroeconomic change in aggregate income, interest rate, etc. This model has 25 industrial sectors, containing about 1,300 equations. Therefore, this model is characterized by detailed structural disaggregation at the sectoral level. Individual industries are based on many of the economic relationships in the model. This is what distinguishes a multisector model from a macroeconomic model. Each industry is a behavioral agent in the model for industrial investment, employment, prices, wages, and intermediate demand. The strength of the model lies in the simulating the interactions between different industries. The result of its simulation will be introduced in the next paper. In this paper, we only introduce the structure of the multisector model and the coefficients of the equations. The multisector model is a dynamic model-that is, it solves year by year into the future using its own solutions for earlier years. The development of a dynamic, year-by-year solution allows us to combine the change in structure with a consideration of the dynamic adjustment required. These dynamics have obvious advantages in the use of the multisector model for industrial planning. The multisector model is a medium-term and long-term model. Whereas a short-term model can taken the labor supply and capital stock as given, a long-term model must acknowledge that these are determined endogenously. Changes in the medium-term can be analyzed in the context of long-term structural changes. The structure of this model can be summarized as follow. The difference in domestic and world prices affects industrial structure and the pattern of international trade; domestic output and factor price affect factor demand; factor demand and factor price affect industrial income; industrial income and relative price affect industrial consumption. Technical progress, as measured in terms of total factor productivity and relative price affect input-output coefficients; input-output coefficients and relative price determine the industrial input cost; input cost and import price determine domestic price. The differences in productivity and wage growth among different industries affect the relative price.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.264-286
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• 2008

In 2006, the share of energy in Korea amounted to 28% from the total import, 97% from overseas dependency, and 83% for the national Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission in 2004. Thus, from the aspects of economical and environmental policies, an energy analysis is very important, for the industry to cope with the imminent pressure for climate change. However, the estimation of GHG gas emissions due to an energy use is still done in a primitive way, whereby each industry's usage is multiplied by coefficients recommended from international organizations in Korea. At this level, it is impossible to formulate the prevailing logic and policies in face of a new paradigm that seeks to force participation of developing countries through so called post-Kyoto Protocol. In this study, a hybrid energy input-output (E-IO) analysis is conducted on the basis of the input-output(IO) table of 2000 issued by the Bank of Korea in 2003. Furthermore, according to economic sectors, emission of the GHG relative to an energy use is characterized. The analysis is accomplished from four points of view as follows: 1) estimating the GHG emission intensity by 96 sectors, 2) measuring the contribution ratio to GHG emissions by 14 energy sources, 3) calculating the emission factor of 3 GHG compounds, and 4) estimating the total amount of national GHG emission. The total amount estimated in this study is compared with a national official statistical number. The approach could be an appropriate model for the recently spreading concept of a Life Cycle Analysis as it analyzes not only a direct GHG emission from a direct energy use but also an associated emission from an indirect use. We expect this model can provide a form for the basis of a future GHG reduction policy making.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-89
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• 2016

The digital culture contents is one of the fastest growing industry in Korea and it accounts for 60% of the digital contents industry. This paper attempts to analyze economic impacts of the digital culture contents industry using input-output analysis. This study investigated the production-inducing effect, value-added-inducing effect and employment-inducing effect of the digital culture contents industry based on a demand-driven model. In addition, the study dealt with the supply shortage effect and sectoral price effect of the digital culture contents industry using a supply-driven model and the Leontief price model, including the inter-industry linkage effects of 29 sectors with the digital culture contents industry sector. Some interesting findings were drawn from the study. First, production of 1.0 won in the digital culture contents industry results in production-inducing effect of 2.39542 won, value-added effect of 1.29895 won and employment-inducing effect of 0.39657 persons in other industries. Second, the supply shortage of 1.0 won in the digital culture contents industry prevents other industries from producing 0.56631 won. Third, a 1% increase in the price level of the digital culture contents industry raises the overall price level by 0.06017%. Finally, very high backward linkage effects were found, but forward linkage effects were minimal.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-197
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• 2013

Despite many theoretical and empirical studies, general causality between IPRs system, firm technological innovation and financial performance is not clear. This study notices that the core factor to create financial performance is different by each industry. The study analyzed the effect of IPRs system on innovation and economic growth targeting 3 industries; pharmaceutical industry to which the basic track of creating performance is applied (strengthening IPRs${\rightarrow}$increasing R&D input/output${\rightarrow}$increasing sales); semiconductor industry where the relationship between stronger IPRs and R&D input/output is weak; and shipbuilding industry which has weak correlation between R&D and sales. It used panel data for 15 years since TRIPs when the patent institution in Korea reached up to the level of advanced countries, and applied the dynamic regression model which estimates the fixed effect model with difference-GMM. As a result, stronger IPRs increased R&D input/output, and financial performance in pharmaceutical industry, but has no influence on semiconductor and shipbuilding industries. That is, it is necessary to customize the construction of system and policy for strengthening IPRs by each industry, and unitary strengthening or weakening may have no significant impact on financial performance improvement in specific sectors.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.167-198
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• 2011

The Korean government recently announced greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction target as 30% of 2020 business as usual (BAU) emission projection. As carbon emissions trading is widely used to achieve reductions in the emissions of pollutants, this study deals with the sectoral allocation of initial carbon emission permits in Korea. This research tests the effectiveness of a variety of allocation rules based on the bankruptcy problem in cooperative game theory and hybrid input-output tables which combines environmental statistics with input-output tables. The impact of initial emission permits allocation on economic growth is also analyzed through green growth accounting. According to the analysis result, annual GDP growth rate of Korea is expected to be 4.03%, 4.23%, and 3.67% under Proportional, Constrained Equal Awards, and Constrained Equal Losses rules, respectively. These rates are approximately from 0.69% points to 0.13% points lower than the growth rate of 4.36% without compulsory $CO_2$ reduction. Thus, CEA rule is the most favorable in terms of GDP growth. This study confirms the importance of industry level study on the carbon reduction plan and initial carbon emission permits should reflect the characteristic of each industry.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-84
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• 2015

Korea is one of the few OECD countries having no binding Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Korea is going to enforce a powerful greenhouse gas emissions control to the industry from 2015. Current GHG reduction policies do not take into account the trade-off between economic growth and GHG mitigation, this approach will not be sustainable. Sectoral approach, considering industry by industry may be more eco-friend approach. This study verified the validity of the analysis results counted from whole procedure of energy input-output analysis and decomposition analysis to sector 'Organic basic chemical products' and 'Cement and concrete products'. Empirical test was performed using changes in energy consumption, production, process improvements and new facilities. Although the results showed unstable fluctuations from Divisia index decomposition analysis, it was verified that the entire procedure can provide a clue in understanding of the industry's energy and GHG footprint.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.653-682
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• 2007

In this study, multi-sectoral partial equilibrium and computable general equilibrium models of Taiwan are used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of energy price increases on overall economies and agro-food sector in Taiwan. The results suggest that agricultural prices, production cost would increase between 0.27% to 1.88%, and a reduction in GDP around 0.39% to 0.54 %. The negative impact on livestock sector is slightly higher than that on the crop sector. Negative impacts are also observed in the employment and wages. The rising oil price has the potential to discourage production of energy-intensive activity because of the possibility of substitution and adaptations. The growth rate of real GDP will shrink by 0.64% to 1.06% and CPI will increase by 1.17% to 1,95%. Both the agriculture and non-agricultural sector also respond by raising output prices by 0.80% to 1.33%. The rising international oil price has urged the government to take policy actions like using alternative fuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and adopting measures to cut down on energy consumptions mainly in transportation sectors in response to public concern over economic shocks.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.376-385
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• 2013

There are conflicts about energy price increase among government, producer, and consumer. The supplier insists on price increase for escaping running a deficit and business continuity, but the consumer concerns about worsening profitability and price rise. This study investigates the effects of energy rate increase on national economy using input-ouput(I-O) analysis. This study attempts to analyze the effects of national economy due to Coke and hard-coal, Naphtha, Gasoline, Kerosene, Light oil, Heavy oil, Liquefied petroleum gas, Electric utilities, Manufactured gas supply and Steam and hot water supply (using input-output table for the year 2011, Korea.) The results of the sectoral price changes due to a 10% increase in energy price that is obtained from the Leontief price model are presented in article. The result of this analysis is presented: The impact of the 10% increase in electricity rate on the general price level is estimated to be 0.2196%. In case of Kerosene, the impact is 0.1222%. It shows that Electric utilities are approximately 18 times larger price inducing effect as Kerosene. Also, this study indicates 3 years results sequentially to make it possible to observe trend. Then, study suggests balancing price by making each energy source adjusted.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

Urban design claiming the notion of 'Sustainability', which inevitably includes ecological complexity, is normally geared towards the reflection of environmentally-friendly technical guidelines in the existing planning process. Although physical planning should be combined with economic, social, cultural, environmental issues, and policies, it is conducted conventionally as the sum of the closed sectoral approaches of planning. To overcome this limit, Design Charrette was invented for sustainable urban design or community design, which should consider the complexity of diverse issues. This design process unveils complicated and divergent problems and a variety of stakeholders participate in the integrated design simultaneously and cooperatively. Because Design Charrette must also be a process of agreement, it is used for sustainable community design. The aim of this study was to introduce Design Charrette as an alternative of Korean sustainable urban design, which is regarded as 'making guidelines related to green principles'. For such a purposes, the definition and differentiation of Design Charrette will be explained with an analysis of the introduction background, benefit and procedure. The contents, system and process of Design Charrette will be analyzed through case studies in Canada, where this method of design is widespread. In the last part, the implementation system (the comprehensive system of organization / content and direction of planning / process and output) will be deduced after concentrated analysis of one respected case, 'Sensitive Urban Infill Charrette' of the City of Surrey. This implementation system will be a crucial reference to develop Korean Design Charrette.