• 한국동물학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 1989

왕거미과의 무당왕거미속중에서 유일하게 국내에 서식하는 무당거미를 재료로 포획사 생성에 관여하는 수상선의 미세구조를 광학 및 전자현미경으로 관찰하였으며, 견사생성과 관련된 세포질내 세포소기관들과의 상관관계를 형태적인 측면에서 논의하였다. 점착성이 강한 실을 분비하여 포획실을 짜는 두쌍의 수상선은 편상선과 함께 독특한 구조인 triad를 이루고 있었으며, 복강의 전역에 걸쳐 수지상의 돌기를 뻗고 있는 대형의 선분비부와 외벽에 많은 결절들이 부착되어 있는 굵은 분비관으로 이루어져 있었다. 분비관의 내강에는 큐티클층이 형성되어 있었고, 상피는 단층 원주상이었으며, 그 주위에 결절형성세포와 얇은 결합조직세포가 둘러싸고 있었다. 선분비부와 가까운 근위부의 큐티클은 endocuticle 및 exocuticle의 두층으로 이루어져 있었으나, 토사관에 가까운 원위부에서는 수분의 흡수와 관련된 subcuticle층이 매우 발달되어 있었다. 결절형성세포는 원형질막의 함입에 의해 형성된 세포질돌기의 내부에 수많은 글리코겐입자와 미토콘드리아가 밀집되어 있었으며, 세포의 성숙단계에 따라서 이들의 분포상태가 각각 달리 관찰되었다. 견사물질을 생성, 분비하는 선분비부는 한층의 입방상피세포층과 이를 둘러싸고 있는 결합조직층으로 이루어져 있었고, 조면소포체가 특이적으로 발달된 선상피세포의 내부에는 형태적으로 상이한 두종류의 분비과립들이 형성되어 있었으며, 인접한 세포들은 septate junction에 의해 연접되어 있었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2005

이하선의 선세포와 분비과립을 작은땃쥐 Crocidura suaveolens와 우수리땃쥐 C. lasiura에서 연구하였다. 두 종 모두의 이하선은 장액선세포 한 종류만을 가지는 장액선이었고 선세포, 사이관, 과립관 그리고 줄무늬관들은 평범하였다. 작은땃쥐의 경우, 장액선세포는 잘 발달된 조면소포체, 현저한 골지체, 몇몇의 큰 미토콘드리아와 성숙 혹은 융합하고 있는 많은 중간 정도의 전자 밀도 과립들을 가지고 있었다. 미성숙 선세포의 분비과립들은 미세하고 강한 전자 밀도의 알갱이만으로 혹은 알갱이들이 주가 되었고 불분명한 경계막을 가지고 있었고, 성숙 분비과립들은 균일하고 옅은 중심부를 가지고 그 주변에 미세하고 강한 전자밀도의 알갱이들과 명확한 경계막을 가지고 있었다. 우수리땃쥐의 경우, 선세포는 잘 발달된 조면소포체, 현저한 골지체, 몇몇의 큰 미토콘드리아 뿐 아니라 성숙 혹은 융합하고 있는 많은 진한 전자 밀도의 분비과립들을 가지고 있었다. 미성숙 선세포 분비과립들은 옅고 거친 알갱이들만으로 채워져 있었으며 불명확한 경계막을 가지고 있었고, 성숙 분비과립들은 진하고 거친 알갱이들만으로 채워져 있었고 명확한 경계막을 가지고 있었다. 결국, 작은땃쥐의 이하선 분비과립은 광학과 전자현미경 수준에서 중간 정도의 전자밀도로, 우수리땃쥐의 분비과립은 광학 현미경 수준에서는 아주 진하게, 전자현미경에서는 진하게 관찰되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.83-97
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• 1987

In order to discriminate the enteroendocrine cell types in the mucosal epithelium of the normal duodenum of the Korean hedgehog (Erinaceus koreanus). The tissues were fixed in the mixture of 1% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide (phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). They were embedded in Araldite, and the ultrathin sections were made by LKB-V ultratome following the inspection of semithin sections stained with toluidine blue-borax solutions. Ultrathin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100B electron microscope. At least six types of enteroendocrine cells distributed in the mucosal epithelium of the duodenum were identified according to their morphological characteristics mainly based on the size, shape, number and electron density of the secretory granules. Type I cells had moderately developed organelles. The secretory granules were pleomorphic ($370X510nm$), and the granule cores with high electron density were enveloped in limiting membrane and characterized by a narrow halo. Type II cells contained an indented nucleus and well-developed organelles. The secretory granules were round (350 nm) and classified in two kinds by electron density, moderate and high. Both granules were surrounded by limiting membrane and those with high electron density showed often a wide halo. Type III cells had an indented nucleus. The secretory granules with various electron density were round (220 nm) in shape. The granules with high electron density were enveloped in limiting membrane and characterized by a narrow halo, but those with low or moderate electron density had not been observed the limiting membrane. Type IV cells contained an indented nucleus and moderately developed organelles. The secretory granules were round (180 nm) in shape, and the granule cores with high electron density were enveloped in limiting membrane and showed often a wide halo. Type V cells had a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Secretory granules with low or moderate electron density were round (230 nm) in shape, and surrounded by limiting membrane and showed a narrow halo. Type VI cells contained an oval nucleus and well-developed organelles, especially Golgi complex. The secretory granules with high electron density were round (210 nm) in shape. The granules were enveloped in limiting membrane and showed often a wide halo.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1988

The ultrastructure of the sac and tail portion of the large ampullate gland and production of the silk materials in the orb web spider, Nephila clavata L. Koch, are studied with electron microscope. Large ampullate glands, the largest glands among the seven kinds of silk glands in this species, are composed of three parts which are the excretory duct, the storage sac and the convoluted tail. The wall of the sac is composed of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. In the cytoplasm of these cells several kinds of the secretory granules, which are commonly associated with the rough endoplasmic reticula and had characteristic crystalloid, are seen. According to the morphology and internal textures of these granules, the sac portion is subdivided into proximal(connected with the convoluted tail) and distal(connected with excretory duct) portion. Between these two portions, the proximal portion is longer than the distal by four times. Silk materials, being synthesized to the shape of secretory granules, within the glandular epithelial cell of the tail portion are released to the inner cavity by the mechanism of the eccrine secretion. These secretory granules are originated from the rough endoplasmic reticula of the glandular epithelial cells, whereas no Golgi complexes has been found in any of the cells which have been examined.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2013

Glandular and nonglandular trichomes on the leaf surface of Plectranthus tomentosa were investigated by variable pressure field emission scanning electron microscopy (VP-FESEM). The segments of the plant's leaves were directly mounted without any specimen preparation, and examined at ambient temperature using a variable pressure secondary electron (SE) detector under ca. 15 Pa. Foliar trichomes maintained their shapes and structures without severe surface collapse or charging. The adaxial leaf surface was abundantly covered with different types of trichome. Nonglandular trichomes consisted of a basal cell and a long (up to ca. $300{\mu}m$) stalk. Meanwhile, capitate glandular trichomes had a secretory head and a short or long stalk. Peltate glandular trichomes with globose secretory heads were observed in close contact with the leaf epidermis. Spherical projections on the secretory head showed the secretion process of glandular trichomes. In addition to the trichomes, oval stomata were distributed on the abaxial leaf surface. These results suggest that ambient VP-FESEM can be used to classify the dehydration-sensitive foliar trichomes of succulent plants by SE imaging. At the FESEM resolution, this approach facilitates the rapid and detailed morphological analysis of a variety of trichomes in diverse plant taxa with reduced labor and preparation.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2007

Objetives The late research tendency on atopic dermatitis is mainly focused on the experiment of unbalance of cytokine released from T cell subtype. Merhods As there's no experiment with herbal medicine using Hanghaedan(HHD), we isolated and cultured monocytes of atopic dermatitis pateints (AD) peripheral blood, for knowing the influence of HHD on the secretory function of IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$. Results 1. In AD group, HHD exhibits statistically significant inhibitory effect on IL-4(p<0.05). 2. In AD group, HHD exhibits statistically significant inhibitory effect on IL-5(p<0.05). 3. In AD group, HHD exhibits statistically significant inhibitory effect on $IFN-{\gamma}$ (p<0.01). 4. Sample group comparing with the cytokine concentration rate value of AD patients and that of NAD patients IL-4 of AD patients exhibits statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). 5. In AD group, there is no significant relation between serum IgE and cytokines. 6. In AD group, there is no significant relation between total eosinophil and IL-5. Conclusions Effects of Hanghaedan on the cytokine(IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$) secretory function of monocytes of atopic dermatitis patients is recognized.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1264-1269
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• 2011

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a vital cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular functions and immunity of animals. In this study, the recombinant duck IL-2 (rduIL-2) was secretory expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). The recombinant P. pastoris strain was cultured in shake flasks and then scaled up in a 5.0-l bioreactor. The result showed that the maximal fresh-cell-weight of 594.1 g/l and the maximal $OD_{600}$ of 408 were achieved in the bioreactor. The rduIL-2 was purified by two steps of purification procedures, and approximately 311 mg of rduIL-2/L fermentation supernatant was obtained. SDS-PAGE showed that the purified rduIL-2 constituted a homogeneous band of ~16 kDa or ~14 kDa corresponding to the glycosylated or non-glycosylated duIL-2 protein in size, respectively. The bioactivity of rduIL-2 was determined by lymphocyte proliferation assay. The result indicated that the rduIL-2 greatly promoted the proliferation of ConA-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. The P. pastoris expression system described here could provide promising, inexpensive, and large-scale production of the rduIL-2, which lays the foundation for development of novel immunoadjuvants to enhance both the immunity of ducks against various infectious pathogens and vaccine efficacy.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.679-684
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• 2016

Clonorchiasis, caused by direct contact with Clonorchis sinensis worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), is associated with chronic inflammation, malignant changes in bile ducts, and even cholangiocarcinogenesis. Our previous report revealed that intracellular free radicals enzymatically generated by C. sinensis ESPs cause NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated inflammation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCCT1). Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of upstream Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the initial host innate immune responses to infection. We found that treatment of HuCCT1 cells with native ESPs induced changes in TLR mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, concomitant with the generation of free radicals. ESP-mediated free radical generation was markedly attenuated by preincubation of the cells with TLR1-4-neutralizing antibodies, indicating that at least TLR1 through 4 participate in stimulation of the host innate immune responses. These findings indicate that free radicals triggered by ESPs are critically involved in TLR signal transduction. Continuous signaling by this pathway may function in initiating C. sinensis infection-associated inflammation cascades, a detrimental event leading to progression to more severe hepatobiliary diseases.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.36.1-36.16
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• 2021

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitously expressed peroxidases that reduce hydrogen peroxide or alkyl peroxide production in cells. Prxs are released from cells in response to various stress conditions, and they function as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. However, the secretory mechanism of Prxs and their roles have not been elucidated. Thus, we aimed to determine whether inflammasome activation is a secretory mechanism of Prxs and subsequently identify the effect of the secreted Prxs on activation of the classical complement pathway. Using J774A.1, a murine macrophage cell line, we demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome activation induces Prx1, Prx2, Prx5, and Prx6 secretion in a caspase-1 dependent manner. Using HEK293T cells with a transfection system, we revealed that the release of Prx1 and Prx2 relies on gasdermin-D (GSDMD)-mediated secretion. Next, we confirmed the binding of both Prx1 and Prx2 to C1q; however, only Prx2 could induce the C1q-mediated classical complement pathway activation. Collectively, our results suggest that inflammasome activation is a secretory mechanism of Prxs and that GSDMD is a mediator of their secretion. Moreover, secreted Prx1 and Prx2 bind with C1q, but only Prx2 mediates the classical complement pathway activation.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2000

두토막눈썹참갯지렁이의 피부계는 바깥쪽으로 부터 큐티클층, 상피층, 진피층으로 구성된다. 큐티클층은 외분비공을 가지며, 표면은 epicuticular projections로 덮여있다. 큐티클층과 상피층의 지지세포 사이에서는 반접착반이 관찰된다. 상피층에서는 지지세포와 선세포들이 관찰된다. 지지세포는 불규칙한 형태이며, 이들 세포의 핵은 뚜렷하고 크며, $1{\~}2$개의 인을 가진다. 세포질에서는 잘 발달된 당김세사와 다수의 미토콘드리아, 조면소포체, 유리리보좀 그리고 전자밀도가 아주 높은 소수의 색소과립들이 관찰된다. 선세포는 AB-PAS에 청색으로 반응하였으며, 투과전자현미경 관찰 결과 ${\alpha}, {\beta}, {\gamma}$의 세 종류로 구분할 수 있다. 첫 번째 종류인 ${\alpha} type$은 난형으로 뚜렷한 핵을 가지며, 세포질에서는 잘 발달된 당김세사와 막으로 싸인 직경 $0.8{\~}~l.5 {\mu}m$크기의 분비과립들이 세포질 한쪽에 밀집되어 있는 것을 관찰할 수 있다. 두 번째 종류인 ${\beta} type$은 세포의 형태가 불규칙하며, 커다란 공포를 가지며, 직경 $0.5{\~}~0.8 {\mu}m$크기의 분비과립들이 세포질 전체에 분포한다. 세 번째 종류인 ${\gamma} type$은 세포의 형태가 불규칙하며, 잘 발달된 소포체와 골지체 그리고 직경 $0.2{\~}~0.3 {\mu}m$ 크기의 분비과립을 가지며, 이들의 전자밀도는 선세포들의 분비과립 가운데 가장 높다.