• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.381-388
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• 1994

Recently, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) had made some changes in the radiation sources specified from those in the original performance test criteria ANSI N13. 11-1983. In case or beta category, in addition to the high-energy $^{90}$ Sr/$^{90}$ Y beta source, the $^{204}$ Tl source was added because many workplaces have significant levels of lower energy betas. In this study, the performance or the Teledyne PB-3 personnel dosimetry system in the fields of $^{204}$ Tl and $^{90}$ Sr/ $^{90}$ Y beta was investigated using the PTB beta secondary standard sources. The new beta correction function of PB-3 personnel dosimetry system for $^{204}$ Tl beta was also developed in this response experiment. The results show that the Teledyne PB-3 personnel dosimetry system is very effective for $^{90}$ Sr/ $^{90}$ Y beta dose assessment. In case of $^{204}$ Tl beta radiation, however, the results of simple performance test indicated that the use of beta correction factor(=2.088) which was recommanded by manufacturer may result in unexpectable overestimation of delivered dose by about 60%, while the use of developed beta correction function could measure the delivered doses in errors of 15%.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.747-754
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• 2011

Purpose: The Abbe flap procedure has been used to correct disharmony of the upper and lower lips as well as for making a philtrum for patients with secondary cleft lip deformities. But the Abbe flap procedure adds two scars in addition to the prior operative scar on the upper lip. This study was conducted to determine the treatment outcomes of esthetic subunit excision of the scar on the philtrum and Abbe flap coverage for correction of cleft lip deformities with photogrammetric analysis. Methods: This study investigated a total of 11 patients with cleft lip deformities who underwent scar excision with Abbe flap coverage, and the patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Under general anesthesia, a mushroom-shaped Abbe flap was drawn on the lower lip with a width of 8 mm and a height 1~2 mm longer than that of the philtral midline. The epidermis and dermis of the scar on the upper lip were excised. In the cases with alar base depression, the orbicularis oris muscle was split vertically and transposed to the alar base. The Abbe flap was harvested as a pedicled flap containing a small amount of muscle and this was rotated 180-degree to be inserted into the upper lip. Mucosa, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in layers. The flap was divided at the 7~14 postoperative day. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated by using photogrammetric analysis. Three indices were measured from the standard clinical photographs taken before and after the surgery. For anthroposcopic assessment, observers described the postoperative outcomes using an ordinary scale method. Results: The postoperative values obtained in the photogrammetric analysis showed improvement as compared with the preoperative ones. Improved anthroposcopic outcomes were also noted. Conclusion: Scar excision and Abbe flap coverage were proven to be effective in improving protrusion and the height of the upper lip, the scar of the upper lip and the symmetry of Cupid's bow and the philtral column, as well as formation of the philtral dimple.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2011

Purpose: Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture is one of the most common facial injuries after facial trauma. As ZMC composes major facial buttress, it is a key element of the facial contour. So, when we treat these fractures, the operator should have a concern with the symmetry to restore normal appearance and function. But sometimes, unfavorable results may occur. The aim of this study is to analyze the unsatisfied midfacial contour after ZMC fractures reduction retrospectively and to point out the notandum. Methods: 369 patients, treated for fractures of the ZMC were included in the study. After the operation, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF with titanium or absorbable materials), open reduction, and closed reduction, midfacial contour was evaluated with plain films and 3-dimensional computed tomography. And unfavorable asymmetric midfacial contours were correcterd by secondary correction and re-evaluated. Gross photographs were obtained at outpatient clinic. Results: Total of 38 patients had got a facial asymmetry and among of them 24 patients were treated secondary revisional ORIF operations for correction of unfavorable result of after primary reduction. Two of them had received tertiary operations, three patients had got osteotomy more than after one year and six patients had got minor procedures. The etiology of asymmetry were lateral displaced simple fracture of arch (n=2), lateral displaced comminuted fracture of arch (n=6), comminuted arch fracture combined posterior root fracture (n=9), and communited arch and body fracture (n=12), severely contused soft tissue (n=9). After the manipulations outcomes were acceptable. Conclusion: To prevent the asymmetry in ZMC fracture reduction, complete analysis of fracture, choice of appropriate operation technique, consider soft tissue, and secure of zygoma position are important. Especially, we should be more careful about communited fracture of zygomatic body and lateral displacement, root fracture of zygomatic arch. Because they are commom causes that make facial asymmetry. To get optimal result, ensure the definite bony reduction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2005

Bulging of the lower eyelid & tear trough groove is regarded as a sign of aging. In the past, the surgical excision of the fat pad has been the mainstray of the management of lower palpebral bag in cosmetic blepharoplasty, Recently, fat pad sliding method has been introduced to make more attractive lower eyelids. We used the fat pad for covering the hollowness of the lower eye lid. And we use redundant fat pad for filling & augmentation of the lower eye lid by reflexion. Redraping of the orbicularis arc, with its accompanying midfacial fat repositioning, anatomically restores the cheek and lower lid to make more youthful contour. By redraping and fixing the orbicularis arc on the medial surface of the orbital rim, it becomes a more attractive midface and may prevent of ectropion. From August, 2002 to July, 2004 in correction of lower palpebral bulge & tear trough groove, these two technique were performed in 42 consecutive individuals (84 lower eyelid) for two-year period. Follow up ranged from 3 to 15 months. (an average of 9 months) Palpebral bulge & tear trough groove were corrected and obtained a youthful midface. Complication was rare. The advantages of these techniques are that: prevent in of secondary palpebral bulge and irregularity of lower eyelid by using of reflexed fat fad; prevent in of ectropion. Thus an attractive midface is obtained by redraping of orbicularis arc.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.237-240
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• 2006

The simultaneous correction of the hypertelorism and exophthalmos combined with craniosynostosis is very rarely performed operative procedures in the world. The craniosynostosis is the congenital anomaly that designates premature fusion of one or more sutures in either cranial vault or cranial base. Hypertelorism is not a distinct clinical syndrome in itself, but is a physical finding secondary to facial and cranial maldevelopment and it is defined as a increase in the distance between the medial orbital walls. Exophthalmos can occur following the decrease in the size of the orbit in patients with developmental skeletal disorders such as craniofacial synostosis. The authors experienced 9-year-old male patient, who has complex cranio-facial abnormality. The craniosynostosis was oxycephaly type and primary fronto-orbital advancement surgery had been performed in other hospital. The abnormal cranial vault combined with hypertelorism and exophthalmos due to maldeveloped both orbital walls. Surgical correction was obtained by various cranio-fronto-orbital remodeling technique such as calvarial bone craniotomy, fronto-orbital advancement, paramedian resection, medial canthopexy, Tessier-Wolfe three wall orbital expansions. We achieved a quite satisfactory result both functionally and aesthetically in a complex cranio-facial deformity patient by combination and modification of previously developed various cranio-facial plasty technique and hereby report the case with brief discussion and review of literature.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2012

Purpose: Who may dare to state that optimal choice of treating nasal bone fracture is closed reduction? Few decades of authors' experience in nasal bone fracture has lead to believe that more active and assertive approach in nasal bone fracture by performing simultaneous lateral osteotomy may be applied in proper indications to acquire more accurate reduction and cosmetically satisfying result. Methods: From May 2008 to October 2009, among 241 nasal bone fracture patients, 20 patients underwent simultaneous lateral osteotomy with nasal bone fracture reduction. Followed by rigid septal correction, nasal cavity is packed to stabilize the fracture segment for safer osteotomy. Through intranasal incision, in selected cases of difficult reduction or for cosmetic purposes, various types of lateral osteotomy was performed corresponding to the fracture anatomy, conditions of the nasal cavity. Postoperative nasal packing was retained for one week and nasal dorsum splint for 3 weeks. Results: Lateral osteotomy was utilized for difficult cases of closed reduction, for correction of wide nose, hump and deviation in 9, 5, 2, and 4 cases, respectively. Patient satisfaction was scaled 90% in satisfaction and moderate in 10% (2 cases), complaining of mild nasal tip deviation. Physicians detected 2 cases of apparent deformity with patient recognition; one patient with mild step deformity at the osteotomy site and the other patient with minimal implant mobility. Conclusion: By accompanying profound understanding of the fracture anatomy, more active and assertive approach in nasal fracture reduction can be coincide with simultaneous lateral osteotomy to reduce the rate of secondary deformity and to obtain more cosmetically satisfying result.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.342-345
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• 2007

Purpose: A common side effect of the scalp reduction is a creation of a 'slot' with the hair growing in the opposite directions away from the scar. Overcoming the unnatural appearance of the slot has been a vexing problem in the scalp reduction surgery. None of the conventional corrective surgical techniques provides a complete and satisfactory aesthetic result. The Frechet flap is a triple transposition flap used for the correction of the slot defect secondary to scalp reduction surgery, seldom needing further scar revision. The Frechet technique provides a solution to the problem of the central slot concealment that is unattainable by other means, such as; Z-plasty and mini-graft. Methods: Authors applied the Frechet technique to Asian patients who had undergone scalp reduction and operated on 4 patients from March, 2000 to January, 2001. Average follow-up period was 13 months. Patients with long scars passing through the temporoparietoccipital zone were excluded. All the undermining was performed in the subgaleal plane, reaching the upper auricular sulcus and stopping just above the nuchal ridge. Results: None of the patients experienced infection, hematoma, nor any permanent hair loss. Transient telogen effluvium at the distal end of flap 2 and 3 was noticeable in one case. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results are aesthetically satisfactory without any significant complications.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-114
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• 1992

Abstract-Quantitative surface analysis of Co-Ni and Au-Cu alloys by XPS and SIMS was studied. For Co-Ni alloy, quantitative XPS analysis could be done within 1-2% relative error with pure element standards without any correction. For Au-Cu, quantitative XPS analysis was not possible without any correction. But it could be done with standard alloys of various composition within 1-2% relative error. Without standard alloys, Au-Cu alloys could be analyzed by XPS within 10% relative error with pure element standards. For SIMS analysis of Co-Ni alloys, the relative secondary ion yields of Co+/Nit has linear relation with ratio of each composition so that quantitative SIMS analysis was possible for Co-Ni alloys. Preliminary results of XPS round robin test of VAMAS-SCA Japan Project are given.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2005

The coronal approach has been used for over a century by neurosurgeons to access to the anterior cranium. Indications for the coronal approach expanded from use in the correction of congenital skeletal anomalies to applications in acute maxillofacial trauma and secondary deformity correction, oncologic surgery and reconstruction, and esthetic surgery. Complications were such as injury to frontal branch of the facial nerve, motor nerve paralysis, hematoma under flap, trismus, ptosis, epiphora, infection and anterior temporal depression. $Medpor^{(R)}$ is made up of dense polyethylene connected in porous structures. It is easily shapable without collapsing the pores due to it's hardness and tissue growth takes place at the porosities. Based on these advantages, $Medpor^{(R)}$ has been used in augmentation and restoration in craniofacial defect. A temporal depression after the coronal approach for treatment of Le Fort III fracture was successfully reconstruction with $Medpor^{(R)}$ and we report this case with review of literature.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.513-526
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• 2009

It has long been that the unit of oceanic salinity changed from permil (%o) to other unit. However, the middle-and high- school textbooks of science and earth science have still used %o as salinity unit that was defined a long time ago. The objectives of this study are to briefly discuss about the historical development of change in salinity unit and measurement techniques, to present differences between the salinity units of psu (practical salinity unit) and %o, and to address the need and validity for the correction of salinity unit in the textbooks. Twenty-seven kinds of textbooks based on the 7th National Curriculum were analyzed to investigate the expression of salinity unit and the definition of salinity. The results were compared with the usage of salinity units in the articles published in Journal of Korean Society of Oceanography from 1967 to 2008. The percentages by the use of %o were 96.3% in the text and 83.8% in the graphs or tables of the textbooks. By contrast, the scientific papers began to use psu from 1994 and then %o has seldom been used since 2004.