• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.587-608
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• 2001

When teaching English in elementary schools was introduced in Korea in 1997, the theoretical basis was the critical period hypothesis (CPH). The object of this study was to test whether the Korean situation satisfies the conditions for the CPH such as the amount of English input and needs. As a test for this, English input and needs were compared in Korea, the U.S.A. and Singapore. The items for English input were on a continuum of primary to secondary sources and the items for English needs were on a continuum of immediate to future needs. The 0-5 scale was used. The result showed that the total means of English input were 4.87, 4.62, and 1.05 for children in the U.S.A., Singapore and Korea respectively. The total means of English needs were 4.32, 3.81, and 1.52 for children in the U.S.A., Singapore and Korea respectively. These figures show that Korean children's levels of both input and needs were from “almost none” to “little,” while those of children in the U.S.A. and Singapore were from “much” to “very much.” This shows that teaching English in Korea presently is far from meeting the conditions that are expected by the CPH. As an alternative to explain what happens cognitively to Korean children, this paper suggests the automatization and proceduralization processes.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore fashion design and merchandising students' perception of creativity and the copyright protection of apparel design. A survey with open-ended questions was developed and distributed to a total of 100 fashion major students with specializations in apparel design and merchandising from three different universities located in a northwestern state of the United States. A majority of respondents showed their awareness that copying apparel design is ethically wrong and counterfeiting is legally wrong. They were able to distinguish between copying and interpreting and were aware that incorporating limited elements from inspirations was ethically acceptable. However, many of the students look for design inspiration from secondary sources, such as existing designers' works which they observe over the Internet, magazines, fashion shows, and store shopping, which may pose them to the temptation to copy such ideas. Although fashion copyright protection law has yet to become enacted, a majority of respondents support passage of fashion copyright protection law. The results give support to the needs for addressing the creative problem-solving processes and ethical decision-making jointly within apparel design and merchandising curriculum.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.67-85
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• 2014

This study compares and analyzes the fashion industry of Korea with that of China and Japan, the two countries geographically and culturally adjacent to Korea, by applying the generalized double diamond model to find useful measures to strengthen the global competitiveness of the Korean fashion industry. The fashion industries of Korea, China and Japan were first compared in terms of the four determinants of the double diamond model: thereafter, the double diamond model of Korea, China and Japan were compared. In this, study 31 sub-variables were extracted to measure the eight determinants and secondary data were collected from selected sources between January 2013 and May 2014. The results of comparing the domestic diamond models showed that: China is considerably better than Korea and Japan in terms of demand conditions, firm strategy, organization, and competition conditions while Japan is superior in terms of demand conditions and Korea shows better related and supporting industries conditions. When comparing and analyzing the international diamond models, Japan is superior in terms of factor conditions and China has better demand conditions, while Korea has failed to lead in any of the four determinants. When comparing and analyzing the comprehensive diamond model per country, China show superior demand conditions and firm strategy, organization, and competition conditions, Japan has better factor conditions, and Korea shows superior related and supporting industries conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2004

Purpose: The aim of the study is to provide information about selecting school sites for new schools in congested urban areas and to propose a method to manage harmful environments around primary and secondary schools. Method: Four schools were selected around Gilum New Town and Ilsan City. The problems were identified by counting the businesses classified as harmful and prohibited in a school zone through surveying, collecting reports from relevant sources, and asking questions of authorities in school districts. Results: It was found that many harmful businesses prohibited by the Law of School Health were present in the safe zone of schools in both Ilsan city and Gilum New Town. The school site of Bohyun Elementary School was classified as poor because there was a steep ascent at the entrance and the school was surrounded by a dangerous, steep boundary. We suggested that an education and environment assessment system by completed before the school site was selected. Conclusion: There is a urgent need to improve the approval and permission process of harmful businesses as well as regulatory standards of school site selection in the light of the shortage of land.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1142-1149
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• 2009

Several bioactive metabolites, including pyrrolnitrin, N-acylhomoserine lactones, and polyhydroxyalkanoates were isolated from Burkholderia sp. O33. Effects of various nutrients, including sugars, gluconolactone, glycerol, tryptophan, chloride, and zinc were investigated in relation to the production of these metabolites. Logarithmic increase of pyrrolnitrin was observed between 2-5 days and reached a maximum at 7-10 days. Tryptophan concentration reached the maximum at 3 days, whereas 7-chlorotryptophan was gradually increased throughout the studies. Among various carbon sources, gluconolactone, trehalose, and glycerol enhanced pyrrolnitrin production, whereas strong inhibitory effects were found with glucose. Relative concentrations of pyrrolnitrin and its precursors were in the order of pyrrolnitrin$\gg$dechloroaminopyrrolnitrin or aminopyrrolnitrin throughout the experiments. Among three N-acylhomoserine lactones, the N-octanoyl analog was the most abundant quorum sensing signal, of which the concentrations reached the maximum in 2-3 days, followed by a rapid dissipation to trace level. No significant changes in pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis were observed by external addition of N-acylhomoserine lactones. Polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulated up to 3-4 days and decreased slowly thereafter. According to the kinetic analyses, no strong correlations were found between the levels of pyrrolnitrin, N-acylhomoserine lactones, and polyhydroxyalkanoates.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.722-733
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• 2013

Ground-based measurements were conducted from August 25 to September 8 of 2011 for understanding characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols measured at Gosan. Chemical components and their sources were discussed by analysis of organic compounds with identification of primary and secondary products in particulate matter. Thus, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) based on the carbonaceous thermal distribution (CTD), which provides detailed carbon signature characteristics relative to analytical temperature, was used to improve the carbon fractionation of the analytical method. In addition, organic compounds by gas chromatography technique with the backward trajectories were discussed for characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols. Different air-masses were classified related to the OC thermal signatures and the organic molecular markers such as aromatic acids and PAHs. We concluded that the aging process was influenced by the long-range transport from East Sea area.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2018

Purpose - This research addresses the question of how an international retailer like Costco can succeed in a foreign mature market and satisfy the local consumers. Our study aims to promote our understanding of how foreign retailers influence local consumers in a mature market with differentiated business models. Research design, data, and methodology - Our study uses company publications, secondary sources of information and the results of a questionnaire survey consisting of 106 participants. Consumer responses were solicited through a questionnaire survey conducted in the city of Kobe in December of 2013. Results - Product differentiation from local retailers in a mature market like Japan gave Costco a competitive edge. Compared with local supermarkets, Costco was preferred by Japanese consumers for its variety of goods that it carries, as well as in-store promotion large package of selling units, in-store amenities, and customer services. Conclusions - First, a theoretical framework is proposed in this study that can aid in developing localization strategies in a mature market such as Japan. Second, it reveals that an international retailer can succeed in a foreign market by stimulating local consumers to change their purchasing behavior, without having to alter the prevailing format of operation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.71-81
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• 2020

Purpose: This case study illustrates the successful entry of Saudi Aramco in the Korean market and how it grows to become one of the world's largest integrated energy enterprises. Research design, data and methodology: This case investigates diverse secondary sources to examine the entry strategy of Aramco in Korea, such as several interviews including public and anonymous dialogues, periodicals, dispatches (i.e. news articles and magazines), annual reports, industrial reports, and others. Results: The main concern for the international strategic approaching of Saudi Aramco is to enter into Korean market by joint venture with SsangYong Oil (today's S-Oil Corporation) in 1991 and finally, ending by Acquisition of S-Oil in 2015. This acquisition of local No.3 company, S-Oil, in Korea is the successful case in Asian Markets overcoming liability of foreignness. Moreover, Saudi Aramco's global distribution strategy through localization in the Korean market is appropriate given the market conditions, timing, effectiveness, and efficiency by sharing their resources and collaborating. Conclusions: It would be valuable, unique, and real story to analyze global leading company's entry and globalization strategy in overseas market. In addition, this study provides decision-makers with a significant and more strategic implication for the overseas expansion of businesses.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 2017

This research is carried out to investigate the relationship between sustainability practices and performance in a financial sense for Malaysian Oil and Gas sector. Objectives include to study the state of sustainability disclosure among Malaysian oil and gas companies, to understand if companies that practiced sustainability had better performances to their financial bottom-line and to conduct a data analysis to understand the relationship between Environmental, social and governance performance [represented by the acronym ACSI] and financial performance. Sustainability performance is measured using ACSI checklist, which is an adaptation of the GRI 3.0 by Global reporting initiative while financial performance was measured on financial and profitability parameters namely EBITDA, EPS and PE ratio. Secondary data sources are used which were then converted into a rating scale to develop quantitative data. SPSS 21 is used for the analysis. The result shows that the majority of oil and gas companies in Malaysia had poor performance in terms of sustainability disclosure. On all three chosen profitability parameters, the companies that practiced sustainability were found to perform better than their counterparts that did not. Strong and significant relationship exists between sustainability practices and better financial performance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2001

The main noise sources in SMPS are divided into three parts: the switching devices, the rectifiers in secondary part, the output transformer and choke coil. In this paper we performed the noise analysis with respect to bobbin type and winding method, and designed an optimized transformer focusing on the transformer. For the comparison. we measured four parameters for each cases, including EMI conducted emission noise. signal from the switching devices, output ripple/noise voltage and leakage current. As the result, the transformer using a vertically-typed bobbin and a parallel, sandwich winding method showed the best performance. We confirmed that the SMPS developed in this research is satisfied with the IEC 601-1 international standard for the medical instrumentation. by testing its electrical characteristics and safety.