• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.227-242
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• 2008

Objectives : To compare the efficacy of local acupoint with distal acupuncture at relieving pain and improving function in knee osteoarthritis. Designs : A randomized, single-blinded, crossover clinical trial. Settings : One outpatient clinic(department of acupuncture & moxibustion) located in academic teaching hospital, South Korea. Patients : 17 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee(mean age 62.76[$SD{\pm}4.37$] years). Interventions : The trial had 4 stages : baseline(2weeks), phase I and II(each 2weeks), washout period(2weeks). Patients were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. Group A received acupuncture at local acupoints during phase I, then acupuncture at distal acupoints in phase II. Group B received the treatments in reverse order. In each phase, the patients were treated with acupuncture for 6 times. Measurements : The primary outcome was subjective pain as measured by a 100mm visual analogue scale(VAS) ranging from 0(no pain) to 10(worst pain ever). Secondary outcomes were changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) total and pain scores. Measurements were obtained at baseline, 1st day of phase I and II, and 2 days after last treatment of phase I and II. Results : The 17 participants in 2 groups were well matched for age, sex, target knees, baseline VAS score, WOMAC pain score and WOMAC score. Participants in local acupoint group experienced greater improvement than distal acupoint group at 2 days after last treatment in WOMAC total score(mean difference, -10.65[95% CI, -20.56 to -0.74] ; P=0.036) but not in VAS(mean difference, -12.41[95% CI, -29.56 to 4.73] P=0.15) and WOMAC pain score(mean difference, -1.82[95% CI, -3.98 to 0.33] ; P=0.094). Conclusions : Local acupoints are more effective than distal acupoints at relieving pain and improving function in knee osteoarthritis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.280-304
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa-Isl.). The vascular plants were collected 14 times (from March to November 2012), and were identified as 595 taxa; 122 families, 359 genera, 529 species, 7 subspecies, 51 varieties, 2 forms and 3 hybrids. The plant formation of Mt. Gisangsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of Korean peninsula. All most mountain covered with young secondary forest which is mainly composed of Pinus and Quercus. The family represented by the largest number of species diversity were Asteraceae (11.%), Poaceae (10.7%), Cyperaceae (6.38%), Fabaceae (3.86%) and Rosaceae (3.52%) respectively. Korean endemic plants of this area were 12 taxa; Asarum misandrum, Clematis brachyura, Philadelphus schrenkii, Forsythia koreana, Polygonatum infundiflorum, etc. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN) Abies koreana, Near Threatened species (NT) both Wikstroemia trichotoma and Sparganium erectum, Least Concern species (LC) Platycladus orientalis, Swertia diluta var. tosaensis and Iris minutoaurea and by Not Evaluate species (NE) Polygonatum infundiflorum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 45 taxa comprising two taxa of grade V and VI, nine taxa of grade III, three taxa of grade II, 29 taxa of gradeI. The naturalized plants were identified as 64 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 10.7% of total 595 taxa vascular plants. Ecosystem disturbance wild plants were consisted of eight taxa; Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata and Lactuca scariola. Furthermore, therophytes (26.5%), hemicryptophytes (26.0%), Geophyte (14.0%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1333-1346
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• 2000

This study is a methodical research to develop a health behavior assessment scale for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows; 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature, in-depth interviews patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This conceptual framework was organized in eight dimensions; pain management, exercise, rest, diet control, active committment, self-management, positive thinking, interpersonal maintenance. Initially 56 items were selected from 164 statement. 2) These items were reviewed by panel of eight specialists and the Index of Content validity (CVI) was calculated, and forty six items were selected which met more than 70% on the CVI. 3) 174 rheumatoid arthritis pateints were interviewed, and data was gathered from Jan. 25 to Feb. 18, 1999 for test reliabilities and validities of the scale. The item analysis was carried out and 40 items were selected. Factor analysis by varimax rotation was carried out to test construct validity. The internal consistency by chronbach's $\alpha$ was calculated. The findings were as follows; 1) Item analysis and factor analysis were carried out to test the validity of the health behavior assessment scale. The item analysis was based on the corrected item`s to total correlation coefficient (.30 or more), and information about the alpha estimate. However, this was only if this item was deleted from the scale. As a result of the item analysis, forty items were selected. Thirty items were selected by a initial factor analysis by varimax rotation, and ten items were deleted because of factor complexity. In the secondary factor analysis, eight factors were labled as 'positive thinking', 'exercise', 'rest', 'pain management', 'active committment', 'self-management', 'diet control', and 'interpersonal maintenance', each similar with the conceptual framework. 2) Chronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient to test reliability of the scale was. 903 for total the thirty items. The Scale for assessing health behavior developed in this study was identified to be a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore this scale can be effectively utilized for assessment in the health behaviors of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2015

Persimmons on the trees are often exposed to weather condition of cold temperature before harvest, which affects the fruit quality at harvest time and later storage. This study investigated the effect of the harvest season temperature on the storage quality of 'Fuyu' sweet persimmons. Monitoring the temperature changes in the orchard showed five times of cold temperature below the freezing temperature of persimmon, $-2.1^{\circ}C$, in the harvesting period between mid October and mid November with the lowest being as low as $-5.4^{\circ}C$. Among three different harvestings, the tertiary one at mid November showed decreased 'L' value and consistently high 'a' value of color index and high reduction in hardness during 150 days storage of fruits at $0^{\circ}C$ showing freeze-injured symptoms, compared to the first one at mid October and the second one at early November. The fruits of first harvest maintained consistently hard texture with increased 'a' color value probably due to postharvest ripening. The tertiary harvest exhibited increase in fructose and glucose contents and decrease in sucrose of the fruits, being very different from the first and secondary harvests which maintained constant level of all three free sugars. Mid November with possible sudden temperature drop is unsuitable period for harvesting sweet persimmons in the quality at harvest and later storage, and thus the harvest should be designed to be done before that time.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 1974

The author has conducted survey on the status of physical growth and morbidity of the children for christian children's fund programme, as a means of collecting basic data for the anticipated establishment of a health planning. A total 345 children aged 9 to 16 underwent C.C.F. programme while as a control, a total of 480 children of same ages from the middle-class school children in Jeonju area was also studied. As results of survey conducted for a period of one month (form July 1 to 31, 1974) on a total 429 children in 347 households living in Jeonju area. I. Socio-economic background 1. By educational status of the children, 39.9 per cent of the total children was attending at primary school, 33.8 per cent in middle school and 15.6 per cent in high school. 2. The greatest proportion or 28.8 per cent of the household head were engaged in labor, 17.9 per cent in peddler and 13.2 per cent in retail. 3. As for the living standard of the households, low class constitued 90.1 per cent, middle and high classes only 9.9 per cent. 4. 39.5 per cent of the households had their own house, 39.1 per cent lived in rent deposit house or rooms and 14.6 per cent in monthly rented house and rooms. II. Physical growth and nutritional status 1. The growth of children for C.C.F. programme in terms of height was found to be slightly smaller than the school children. The ages frm 9 to 16 corespond to the 'secondary growth and replenishment period and this period was regarded to be the one most affected by environmental and nutritional factors of all the other periods of growth and developmet. 2. The body weight of the children for C.C.F. presented a quite different pattern from that of the school children. The above findings appeared thin-and-long stature from the famillies with higher living standard while those from the household with low standard of living had a short-and-plump one. 3. According to the values of Rohrer's index, the children of C.C.F carried a higher degree of 'replenishment' than the children in Jeonju area and adolesecence comes later for the girls under C.C.F. programme. III. Morbidity 1. The monthly prevalence rate was 110.0 per thousand persons for the children under C.C.F. programme. 2. The total number of case was classified by timing of the incidence as follws. 40.0 per cent was constituted by diseases carried over from tile previous month and 60.0 per cent by new incidences. 3. The diseases were broken down by W.H.O. disease classification into the greatest proportion or 39.1 per thousand person constituted by disease of the digestive system.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 1971

Information this research an attempt was made to investigate the plant community structure and the process of its formation in the tidal area surrounding Mokpo City the examined area included the stand in Sam-Hak Do wherein sands have inflowed, and the stand in Kat-Ba-Woo which has been left as tidal soil land. Two hundred stands were sampled by making 100m line transects 5m apart and establishing 30cm$\times$30cm quadrates 10m apart on each tape. These data were used to establish frequency, cover degree, density, standing crop (g/$m^2$), contained Cl in the soil, and pH. Results of the research are as following: 1. There were 25 species of plants in the stands from Sam-Hak Do, 18 in the stands from Kat-Ba-Woo, and so 28 species in all. Regardings the importance value, the rank of dominant species is Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Diplachne fusca L., Echinochola hispidula Nakai, Cyperus iria L., Setaria lutescens Hubbard in Sam-Hak Do, and Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Echinochloa hispidula Nakai, Aster tripolium L., Scripus maritimus L., Salicornia herbacea L., Diplachne fusca L., in the lands from Kat-Ba-Woo. Among them are five kinds of halophytes Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Atriplex Gmelini C.A. Meyer, Aster tripolium L., and Limonium tetragonum Bullock; and two Kinds of naturalized plants Diplachan fusca L., Aster subulata. M. In the stands from Sam-Hak Do there was evidence of a secondary succession phenomena in the presence of Cyperaceae such as Cyperus liria L., Juncus decipiens Nakai, and Fimbristylis longispica Steudal, which could not be found in the stands from Kat-Ba-Woo. 2. On the number of species of vegetation, the further inland from the floodgate the higher the number; that is, the lower the content of Cl the higher the number of species. 3. On the distribution of the vegetation; comparing DFD index and Cl content, the main plants are Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Atriplex gmelini C.A. Meyer, Diplachne fuscal, Echinochola hispidula Nakai where the Cl content of soil is more than 13.2%. 4. On the standing crop; Salicornia herbacea L., which has high resistance to salt, was half the total was production of 1090/$m^2$ while Suaeda maritima Dumorties was 1/4, Diplachne fusca L. 1/8, and Echinochloa the least. Analyzing the result, the research indicates that the main factor in plant community formation in tidal land is tolerance for Cl, and that a plan for utilizing the halophytes which are abundant in tidal land should be devised.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.43-57
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• 2010

Objectives : To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on parameters related to obesity in adults with abdominal obesity. Methods : A three arm randomized single blind pilot study was conducted from Jan 4 to March 25, 2010 in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital. The subjects were 39 adults with abdominal obesity and were randomly divided by computer generated random table into 3 groups; EA(electroacupuncture), sham EA(sham electroacupuncture) and waitlist groups. Acupuncture points located at abdomen($CV_{12}$, $CV_6$, $ST_{25}$, $SP_{15}$, $SP_{14}$) and extremities($LI_4$, $LI_{11}$, $ST_{36}$, $ST_{44}$) were inserted by disposable stainless steel needles and were stimulated 30 minutes with 24Hz, 0.27~1.3mA(tolerable strength), asymmetric biphasic continuous pulse wave form by STN-111 Stratek device in EA group. Two treatment sessions per week for 5 weeks(10 sessions in total) were done in EA and sham EA groups. The primary outcome measurement was WC(waist circumference), and the secondary outcome measurements included WHR(waist hip ratio), ASF(thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat), and inbody measurements of BW(body weight), BMI(body mass index), BFR(body fat ratio) and VFA(visceral fat area), and also scores of BULIT-R(bulimia test revised), KoQoL(Korean obesity of QoL) and BSQ(body shape questionnaire). Results : All of 39 subjects were included in ITT(intention-to-treat) analysis. There were significant reductions in WC, WHR and ASF after 5-week electroacupuncture treatments and the percentage reductions were significantly greater than sham EA or waitlist group. There were no significant differences between groups in percentage reductions of other parameters(BW, BMI, BFR, VFA, BULIT-R, KoQoL and BSQ). But, there were continuous reductions in BW, BMI, BFR and VFA at 3 weeks after the end of treatment and there was significant reduction in BW compared with the baseline value in EA group. No seriously adverse effects were reported during the period. Conclusions : Electroacupuncture was more effective than sham electroacupuncture or no intervention on the reduction of WC, WHR and ASF in adults with abdominal obesity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.617-623
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• 2020

Urban railroad vehicles carry many passengers and are the core of an urban railroad transportation system. Therefore, the dynamic performance of the vehicle must be ensured. Dynamic behaviors such as the vibration and ride comfort of railway vehicles are affected by the structure of the suspension system. We analyzed the dynamic behavior of a railway vehicle according to the suspension system of an urban railway vehicle, which is mainly operated in Korea. For two types of vehicles with different suspension structures, the vibration of the vehicles on railway tracks was measured, and dynamic behavior characteristics such as vibration, ride, and vibration reduction rate were analyzed. The result of the test shows that the vibration performance of the body is superior to that of B-bogie in the lateral direction and that of A-bogie in the vertical direction. Overall, the ride quality of the A-bogie car is superior to that of B-bogie. When analyzing the vibration attenuation rate of primary suspension system, the vibration attenuation performance of B-bogie with coil spring was superior to that of A-bogie with a conical rubber spring. The secondary suspension system has better vibration attenuation performance for A-bogie with air springs compared to coil springs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2004

Background and Purpose : Hypertension is one of the modifiable risk factors for stroke. Lowering blood pressure is a primary or secondary preventative measure for stroke. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan) in stage 1 hypertensive patients who have suffered a stroke by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(24ABPM). Subjects& Methods : We enrolled 40 hospitalized stroke patients with stage 1 hypertension and divided them into 2 groups by stratified randomization; group A took 1200mg of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan) at 8:00 a.m. for two weeks without changing herbal medicine, and group B was the control group. 28 patients were included in the final analysis(15 in group A. 13 in group B). Blood pressure is monitored from 8:00 am to 7:30 am every 30 minutes for 24 hours. Blood pressure was monitored two times at baseline and again two weeks later. We used 3 parameters for evaluating the efficacy of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan); The first parameter is change from baseline to two weeks later in blood pressure and pulse rate. The second parameter is the trough/peak ratio(TPR) and smoothness index(SI). The third parameter is antihypertensive rate by antihypertensive efficacy guideline. Results : There is no significant difference in the baseline assessment hetween the two groups. Systolic blood pressure $(141.37{\pm}8.96\;mmHg\;vs\;132.28{\pm}9.46\;mmHg)$ decreased after two weeks of 1200mg(P=0.03) intake of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan). Systolic TPR and SI was 0.87 and 1.04 in group A. Antihypertensive rate was higher in group A. Conclusion: These results suggest that 1200mg doses of Clunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan) is an effective antihypertensive agent on stage 1 hypertension patients who have suffered a stroke.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1972

For the increase of productivity, canopy structure and nutritional status in various productivity grades (high>700, medium>600 and low>500kg/l0a as head rice) were investigated in a study using Jinheung(Oryza sativa L.) for the increase of producticity with following results: 1. High yield plot showed greater leaf area and slow decrease of it after heading stage. While low yield plot had rapidly decrease of leaf area. 2. High yield plot showed higher light transmission ratio (LTR) durnig early grow stage, low LTR. during late grow stage, and higher leaf area per LTR. 3. Net assimilation ratio was decrease with the increase of leaf area index (LAI) and it was always higher in high yield plot. 4. High yield plant had greater amount of total nitrogen uptake, slow uptake rate, and considerable uptake after heading while low yield plant showed higher uptake of nitrogen in early stage of growth and no uptake after heading. 5. The percent ratio starch at heading to total at harvesting was 40% for low yield plant and 10% for highyield plant inderting that high yield depends much on past-heading starch synthesis. 6. Main factor determining secondary yield was ripened grain ratio.