• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.752-754
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• 2014

With the rapid development of the portable devices such as laptops, cell phones, digital devices, the important of the secondary battery is increasing. In recent years, semiconductor industries, display technologies, and secondary batteries are believed to be three core business. In particular, smart phones have higher performances, but secondary batteries are not follow the trends. Recently, the stability problem by battery heat is raised. In this paper, we survey technology trends of the secondary battery and protection circuit.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.386-405
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• 2021

Recent advancements in basic research on the process of secondary neurulation and increased clinical experience with caudal spinal anomalies with associated abnormalities in the surrounding and distal structures shed light on further understanding of the pathoembryogenesis of the lesions and led to the new classification of these dysraphic entities. We summarized the changing concepts of lesions developed from the disordered secondary neurulation shown during the last decade. In addition, we suggested our new pathoembryogenetic explanations for a few entities based on the literature and the data from our previous animal research. Disordered secondary neurulation at each phase of development may cause corresponding lesions, such as failed junction with the primary neural tube (junctional neural tube defect and segmental spinal dysgenesis), dysgenesis or duplication of the caudal cell mass associated with disturbed activity of caudal mesenchymal tissue (caudal agenesis and caudal duplication syndrome), failed ingression of the primitive streak to the caudal cell mass (myelomeningocele), focal limited dorsal neuro-cutaneous nondisjunction (limited dorsal myeloschisis and congenital dermal sinus), neuro-mesenchymal adhesion (lumbosacral lipomatous malformation), and regression failure spectrum of the medullary cord (thickened filum and filar cyst, low-lying conus, retained medullary cord, terminal myelocele and terminal myelocystocele). It seems that almost every anomalous entity of the primary neural tube may occur in the area of secondary neurulation. Furthermore, the close association with the activity of caudal mesenchymal tissue in secondary neurulation involves a wider range of surrounding structures than in primary neurulation. Although the majority of the data are from animals, not from humans and many theories are still conjectural, these changing concepts of normal and disordered secondary neurulation will provoke further advancements in our management strategies as well as in the pathoembryogenetic understanding of anomalous lesions in this area.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.120-124
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• 2001

Sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic disease characterized by inflammation and obliterative fibrosis of the bile ducts, leading to biliary cirrhosis and ultimately to liver failure. In children, sclerosing cholangitis is known to be associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis, as well as with congenital immunodeficiencies and cystic fibrosis. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis is suspected in Langerhans cell histiocytosis with chronic cholestasis, liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. Unlike primary sclerosing cholangitis, the cholangitis associated Langerhans cell histiocytosis is destructive in nature and progresses more rapidly to biliary cirrhosis, therefore uniformly the prognosis is poor. In this setting, liver transplantation should be considered early in children with sclerosing cholangitis complicating Langerhans cell histiocytosis before end-stage liver failure and variceal bleeding. We experienced a case of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a 2-year-old boy. We report this case with brief review of the related literatures.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2007

A comparative study of the structure and organization of the primary and secondary walls in different types of tropical plant waste fibers was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thickness of each layer was also measured using Image Analyzer. TEM micrographs haveconfirmed that cell wall structure of all six types of tropical plant waste fibers (empty fruit bunch, oil palm frond, oil palm trunk, coir, banana stem and pineapple leaf) has the same ultrastructure with wood fibre. The fibers consisted of middle lamella, primary and thick secondary wall with different thickness for different types of fibers. The secondary wall was differentiated into a $S_1$ layer, a unique multi-lamellae $S_2$ layer, and $S_3$ layer.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 1993

To understand the morphological change of ancient woods, samples classified by cell type, burial environment and species were collected and observed using microscopy. Decay of wood by cell type could classified into two types. First, degraded secondary wall was formed granular residues in $S_2$ layer and was remained $S_3$ layer and compound middle lamella. Second, the cell wall was slightly degraded and cracked in secondary wall. A gradual thinning of cell wall was occured. The compound middle lamella was separated from secondary wall. The resistance of degradation is increased at vessels, parenchyma, and tracheid and wood fiber in the order named. The type of degradation by species could be classified into four types. Overall degradation type; the degradation of cell wall is usually heavy and the extent of degradation Varies by part of the same sample. Partial degradation type ; this type shows severely different decay type by part of the sample. Nondegraded cells were mixed with degraded cells on the same sample. Erose degradation type ; thinning of the cell wall was occoured and the degradation type was different by part. Slight degradation types ; secondary wall was slightly degraded, cracked and separated from compound middle lamella. Considering different type of burial environment, dry wood was similiar to sound wood and slightly decayed. Waterlogged and peat burial wood was heavilydecayed. Between species of under the same environment, decay type and extent were diferentiated from each other.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1998

The developmental changes occuring in the secondary xylem of Aristolochia manshuriensis Komarov have been studied in different ages of vine stems. A. manshuriensis possesses typical storeyed cambium comprising both vertically elongated fusiform initials and almost isodiametric ray cell initials. Stems of A. manshuriensis have wide rays that make the secondary xylem appear dissected as other vine types. The length of vessel member and fiber remained relatively constant throughout the secondary growth. However, vessel diameter increases with the increasing age of stem till the cell reaches their maximum limit and later more or less stabilize in diameter while number of vessel per $\textrm{mm}^2$ is vice versa. Width and relative proportion of ray to axial elements gradually increased with the increasing age of stem and later remained relatively constant.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.396-401
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• 2003

In the present study, preliminary investigation were carried out by analysis of energy system(heat and electricity) based on phosphoric acid fuel-cell of 50 kW for eco-apartment houses. Analysis model were consisted of fuel cell energy system, secondary energy unit and residential building of 5 stories with 20 and 40 households. And the investigation results reviewed under load pattern of heat and electric power of the apartment houses. The results showed mismatch between the needed heat load pattern and output of fuel cell energy system. The mismatch rate were assessed about 10-180% of heat load for apartment houses with season. We found that secondary energy unit are needed in order to supply insufficient heat.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.178-184
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• 2002

High-throughput screening has become a popular method used to identify new “leads”for potentially therapeutic compounds. Further screening of these lead compounds is typically done with secondary assays which may utilize living, functioning cells as screening tools. A problem (or benefit) with these cell-based assays is that living cells are very sensitive to their environment. We have been interested in the process of stem cell migration and how it relates to the cellular therapy of bone marrow transplantation. In this study we describe a secondary, cell-based assay for screening the effects of various in-vitro conditions on Immature Hematopoietic Cell (IHC) migration. Our results have revealed many subtle factors, such as the cell's adhesive characteristics, or the effect of a culture's growth phase, that need to be accounted for in a screening protocol. Finally, we show that exponentially glowing KG1a cells (a human IHC cell line) were 10 times more motile than those in the lag or stationary phases. These data strongly suggest that KG1a cells secrete a chemokinetic factor during the exponential growth phase of a culture.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2016

Manganese dioxide is the material which has a good characteristic property for a secondary cell. We have surveyed on rechargeable battery of zink-manganese dioxide using aqueous solution and we also surveyed on redox reversibility of zink-manganese dioxide for checking up possibility for a secondary cell. We have found out to be active for charging and discharging of those.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2023

Abstract: In this study, an induction heating system using resonance is developed to remove remaining moisture and contaminations which could be generated during fabricating secondary batteries. This system is composed of power supply and induction coil. Power supply needs an oscillator, zero crossing detection, frequency tracking function, and induction coil needs a dummy coil to obtain a uniform temperature distribution. It is very important to obtain a uniform heating temperature distribution of battery cell case in the induction heating system before pouring electrolyte into battery cell. Experimental results show a temperature distribution deviation of below 1℃ in the external position of battery cell cases. As well, the temperature of battery cell itself shows distribution of 40℃±3℃.