• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.64-80
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• 1991

The SKINTEX Method is based on a two-compartment physico-chemical model which includes a Biomembrane Barrier in compartment one and an organized macromolecular matrix in compartment two. Test samples absorb onto or permeate through the keratin/collagen Biomembrane Barrier and then can interact with the organized macromolecular matrix. Changes in the integrity of the barrier release a dye indicator: Changes in the matrix can alter its transparency. The sum of these two responses is read spectrophotometrically at 470nm. An early investigation of 950 chemicals and formulations in the SKINTEX System produced results which were 89% concordance to in vivo Draize dermal irritation results obtained with 24-hour occluded application of test samples with-out abrasion and standard scoring. Alkaline materials were analyzed in a specialized SKINTEX AMA Protocol. In this early study, the model did not distinguish nonirritant test materials and formulation with PDII(Primary Dermal Irritation Index)in the range from 0 to 1.2, A High Sensitivity Assay Protocol(HSA)was developed to amplify the changes in both compartments of this model and provide more accurate calibration of these changes. A study of 60 low irritation test samples including cosmetics, household products, chemicals and petro-chemicals distinguished nonirritants with PDII $\leq$ 0.7 for 26 of 30 nonirritants. A second protocol was developed to evaluate the SKINTEX model predictability with respect to human irritation. The Human Response Assay (HRA )has been optimized based on differences in penetration and irritation responses in humans and rabbits. An additional 32 test materials with different mechanisms and degrees of dermal toxicity were evaluated by the HRA. These in vitro results were 86% concordant to human patch test results. In order to further evaluate this model, a Standard Chemical Labelling (SCL) Protocol was developed to optimize this system to predict Draize dermal irritation results after a 4-hour application of the test material. In a study of 52 chemicals including acids, bases, solvents, salts, surfactants and preservatives, the SCL results demonstrated 85% concordance to Draize results for a 4-hour application of test samples on non-abraded rabbit skin. The SKINTEX System, including three specialized protocols, provided results which demonstrated good correlation to the endpoint of dermal irritation in man and rabbits at different application times.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2022

In the case of a die-casting process, defects that are difficult to confirm by visual inspection, such as shrinkage bubbles, may occur due to an error in maintaining a vacuum state. Since these casting defects are discovered during post-processing operations such as heat treatment or finishing work, they cannot be taken in advance at the casting time, which can cause a large number of defects. In this study, we propose an approach that can predict the occurrence of casting defects by defect type using machine learning technology based on casting parameter data collected from equipment in the die casting process in real time. Die-casting parameter data can basically be collected through the casting equipment controller. In order to perform classification analysis for predicting defects by defect type, labeling of casting parameters must be performed. In this study, first, the defective data set is separated by performing the primary clustering based on the total defect rate obtained during the post-processing. Second, the secondary cluster analysis is performed using the defect rate by type for the separated defect data set, and the labeling task is performed by defect type using the cluster analysis result. Finally, a classification learning model is created by collecting the entire labeled data set, and a real-time monitoring system for defect prediction using LabView and Python was implemented. When a defect is predicted, notification is performed so that the operator can cope with it, such as displaying on the monitoring screen and alarm notification.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2022

To research the dynamic response of the high-rise structure under the rocking ground motion, which we believed that the effect cannot be ignored, especially accompanied by vertical ground motion. Theoretical analysis and shaking table seismic simulation tests were used to study the response of a high-rise structure to excitation of a H-V-R ground motion that included horizontal, vertical, and rocking components. The use of a wavelet analysis filtering technique to extract the rocking component from data for the primary horizontal component in the first part, based on the principle of horizontal pendulum seismogram and the use of a wavelet analysis filtering technique. The dynamic equation of motion for a high-rise structure under H-V-R ground motion was developed in the second part, with extra P-△ effect due to ground rocking displacement was included in the external load excitation terms of the equation of motion, and the influence of the vertical component on the high-rise structure P-△ effect was also included. Shaking table tests were performed for H-V-R ground motion using a scale model of a high-rise TV tower structure in the third part, while the results of the shaking table tests and theoretical calculation were compared in the last part, and the following conclusions were made. The results of the shaking table test were consistent with the theoretical calculation results, which verified the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The rocking component of ground motion significantly increased the displacement of the structure and caused an asymmetric displacement of the structure. Thus, the seismic design of an engineering structure should consider the additional P-△ effect due to the rocking component. Moreover, introducing the vertical component caused the geometric stiffness of the structure to change with time, and the influence of the rocking component on the structure was amplified due to this effect.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2023

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of virtual reality combined robot assist gait training (VRG) on improvement of balance and respiratory function in chronic stroke patients. Methods : A single-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 35 chronic stroke patients. They were randomly allocated 2 groups; VRG group (n=18) and conservative treatment group (CG; n=17). The VRG group received 30 minutes robot assisted gait training combined virtual reality training, robot assisted gait training was conducted in parallel using a virtual reality device (2 sessions of 15 minutes in a 3D-recorded walking environment and 15 minutes in a downtown walking environment). In the conservative treatment group, neurodevelopmental therapy and exercise therapy were performed according to the function of stroke patients. Each group performed 30 minutes a day 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The primary outcome balance and respiratory function were measured by a balance measurement system (BioRescue, Marseille, France), Berg balance scale, functional reach test for balance, Spirometry (Cosmed Micro Quark, Cosmed, Italy) for respiratory function Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), and maximum expiratory volume (PEF) were measured according to the protocol. The measurement were performed before and after the 8 weeks intervention period. Results : Both groups demonstrated significant improvement of outcome in balance and respiratory function during intervention period. VRG revealed significant differences in balance and respiratory function as compared to the CG groups (p<.05). Our results showed that VRG was more effective on balance and respiratory function in patients with chronic stroke. Conclusion : Our findings indicate that VRG can improve balance and respiratory function, highlight the benefits of VRG. This study will be able to be used as an intervention data for recovering balance and respiratory function in chronic stroke patients.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.125-141
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• 2022

이 연구의 목적은 예비교사들에게 초등학교 수준의 좋은 수학문제를 만들고 초등학교 학생들에게 적용해 보도록 하면서 예비교사들이 수학문제에 대하여 어떻게 인식하는지를 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구에서 A교육대학교 2학년과 3학년에 재학 중인 예비교사 86명은 자신들이 생각하는 좋은 수학문제를 제시하였다. 그리고 이 예비교사들은 제시한 수학문제에 대하여 초등학교 학생의 해결전략을 예상하고, 초등학교 학생들의 문제해결 과정을 관찰하면서 교사의 전문성에 대하여 기술하였다. 연구 결과, 예비교사들은 좋은 수학문제로 수학 개념이나 알고리즘의 활용, 동기유발, 개방형의 문제의 유형을 선호하였고 일부 전략에 집중하는 경향이 있었다. 이들은 학생들의 문제해결 과정에 대한 심층적인 관찰과 분석 경험이 교사의 문제해결에 대한 전문성 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있다고 생각하였다. 그리고 교사의 수학 문제해결에 대한 전문성 신장을 위해 예비교사들에게 학생들의 수학 문제해결 과정에 대한 관찰과 질 높은 수학문제의 개발 경험을 제공하고 교과서의 문제와 연계한 양질의 수학문제의 보급을 제안하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2009

The purpose of the study was to assess the relative preference for hot & spicy sauces using conjoint analysis, with focus on English consumers. From the results of the study, we were able to derive a standard with the best sauce attributes. The respondent group was selected from the CCFRA's customer database. The qualification criteria for inclusion in the sample were: the primary grocery shopper in the household, a consumer of a range of home cooked oriental & far eastern cuisines, enjoyed hot & spicy chili-based foods, and willing to buy hot chili-based oriental sauces. A total of 676 respondents completed the survey in which 76% were women, and all respondents were between the ages of 18 and 65 years. An online survey method was used and a conjoint analysis was adopted. In conjoint analysis, a product is described as a combination of a set of attribute levels, where a utility value is estimated for each attribute level. In summing up the results of this study, the sensory property (flavor) attribute was most important, the second was brand, and the third was price. For the sensory property attribute, a mild chili sauce of blended garlic, sugar, and lime scored highest. In terms of brand, Blue Dragon was selected as the best. The lesser known Korean Kochujang brand of "Hot&Joy" scored lowest with respect to brand value. Encouraging, however, was the description based on the Hot&Joy product: a hot chili sauce blended with ginger and garlic, which held appeal across age groups and genders. In terms of price, 75p per bottle had the best score.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.139-151
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the empirical cause-effect relationships among business ethical values and person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance within family restaurants and feeding facilities. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 459 restaurant employees. The SPSS and Amos programs were then applied to the data to perform frequency, factor, reliability, correlation and SEM analyses. The primary results are as follows. First, business ethical values had a significant positive effect on person-organization fit. Second, person-organization fit had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, and a significant negative effect on turnover intent. Third, job satisfaction had a significant positive effect, and turnover intent had a significant negative effect, on organizational performance. Finally, upon verifying the possible direct and indirect effects of business ethical values within family restaurants and feeding facilities, it was determined that the ethical values had significant direct and indirect effects on person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance. These findings have various implications. For example, an improved in-house ethical working environment leads to greaterperson-organization fit, and having employees that feel there is better in-house ethical reliability leads to greater consistency between personal and organizational values, resulting in higher job satisfaction and ultimately organizational performance.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.53-73
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• 2020

Morphology and grain size distribution of coastal dunes should be well documented because they are critical to dune's buffering capacity and resilience against storm surges. The nationwide coastal dune survey produced the dataset, including beach-dune topographic profiles and grain size parameters for frontal beaches, foredunes, and inland dunes. This research investigated the dataset to describe geomorphic and textural properties of coastal dunes: foredune slopes, dune heights above approximately highest high water, mean size, and sorting, together with associated variables of coastal setting that influence coastal dunes. It also explores the possibility of a dune type scheme based on gran size trends. The results are as follows. First, the coast in which dunes are developed is the primary control on foredune morphology and sediment texture. Coastal dunes on the east coast were developed more alongshore rather than inland, with gentler slopes on the higher ground and out of coarser sand. The shore aspect contributes to this pattern because the east coast cannot benefit from prevailing northwesterly. Second, grain size trends from beaches through foredunes to inland dunes were little identified. Third, 12 dune types were identified from 69 dunes, showing the indicative capability for the status of beaches and dunes. We confirmed that the dataset could increase our understanding of the overall characteristics of coastal dune morphology and texture, though there is something to be improved, for example, establishing the refined and comprehensive field survey protocol.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.1067-1088
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• 2011

While there is a high degree of convergence in linguistics in the treatment of the progressive as an aspect, the English progressive is unusually wide in its range of uses. This paper highlights the distinction between aspectual and non-aspectual progressives. The primary function of the progressive is to present a situation as ongoing, and this strictly aspectual use of the progressive is referred to as 'aspectual progressive'. On the other hand, the uses of the English progressive that are not, in a strict sense, aspectual is called 'non-aspectual progressive'. There are at least three basic uses of non-aspectual progressives. The first is the so-called progressive futurate (e.g., John is leaving tomorrow). In English, the present progressive can be used to express future time reference. This use of the progressive is regarded as a non-aspectual one, on the grounds that its meaning cannot be accounted for in terms of ongoingness. The second use is the habitual progressive (e.g., She's smoking a lot these days). Given that the habitual is an aspect, it is natural that the habitual progressive is not an aspectual progressive because one cannot view a situation in two different ways. In addition, ongoingness is not a defining property of the habitual progressive but is only a contingent or subsidiary property. The real essence of the habitual progressive is habituality. The third use of non-aspectual progressives is the experiential or interpretative progressive (e.g., You're imagining things), whose main characteristic is the subjectivity of the speaker's interpretation. The experiential or interpretative progressive does not serve a primarily aspectual function because the meaning of ongoingness has nothing to do with the content of the utterance.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2013

췌장암에 대한 근치적 절제술 후에 잔여 췌장에서 발생한 췌장암에 대한 보고는 거의 없는 상태이며, 특히 잔여췌장에 발생한 췌장암에 대하여 반복 췌장절제를 시행한 보고는 더욱 드물다. 저자들은 췌장미부에 발생한 췌장암에 대하여 근치적 절제술을 시행 후 35개월에 잔여 췌장에서 발생한 췌장암으로 췌장십이지장 절제술을 시행한 경우와 췌장두부에 발생한 췌장암에 대하여 췌장십이지장 절제술을 시행 후 20개월 만에 잔여 췌장에 췌장암이 발생하여 췌장미부절제술을 시행한 경우를 경험하였기에 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.