• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.348-355
• /
• 2002

To know characteristics of water quality in Saemankeum area, we were investigated the water quality of surface layer from July of 1999 to June of 2000. The concentrations of COD and chlorophyll a were in the range of $0.64\~6.40$ (mean 1.96)mg/L, $1.95\~51.55$ (mean 11,07)$mg/m^3$, respectively. The annual mean concentrations of DIN, DIP were found to be 21.182 $\mu$g-at/L and 0,655 $\mu$g-at/L respectively, which were exceeding second grade of seawater quality standard. The nitrogen ratio to the phosphorus was lower than 1. Therefore, nitrogen was playing an important role in phytoplankton growth as limiting factor in study area. Mean values of eutrophication index were exceeding 1, which was the eutrophication criteria. Especially Mankyung and Dongjin estuary were shown over 10 as eutrophication index. Therefore, Saemankeum area could be evaluated to possibility area for eutrophication. Released rate for ammonia nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus from sediments were 62.92 ${\mu}g-at/m^3/hr$ and 6.71 ${\mu}g-at/m^3/hr$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.561-569
• /
• 2012

To evaluate the bacteriological water quality in Yongnam-Gwangdo, located in western Jinhae Bay, seawater samples were analyzed using sanitary indicator bacteria at 57 sampling stations. According to survey results from January 2007 to December 2009, the range of the geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile for coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were <1.8-16.5 and 1.8-246.8 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-7.1 and 1.8-74.8 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The samples, including those taken from stations located in Wonmunman, Gwangdo, and Dangdong, showed high levels of microbial contamination caused by the climate and weather patterns in the marine environment. The bacteriological water quality in the area met Korean criteria for a designated shellfish growing area for export and National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved shellfish growing area, except at station #49. A total of 24 direct pollution sources were discharged into the shellfish growing area. The radius of impact was calculated for each pollution source to assess the effect on the shellfish growing area. The calculated radius of impact for most of the pollution sources was below 300 m. However, the radius of impact for the combined pollution sources in Kyeonnaeryang was 93-1973 m. There were significant differences between the calculated closed sea area and actual monitoring results. The closed sea area values calculated from the fecal coliform load in drainage water tended to be higher than the actual monitoring results. Tidal currents and environmental factors such as salinity, water temperature, sunlight, and microbiological factors affect the survival of fecal indicator bacteria in seawater.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.12-17
• /
• 2017

This study established ecological goals and success criteria by using results of the coastal ecosystem restoration demand survey. The ecological goals are set for species diversity, regulation of seawater flow, improvement of purification, erosion prevention and habitat provision by ecosystem types. The indicators of success criteria are chosen the number of emergence species and community characteristics of target organism and pertinent items of hydrologic, water quality and sediment environment by ecological goals among the investigation items of tidal flat investigation guideline.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.345-354
• /
• 2009

The review of statements and coastal development characteristics in South Korea were diagnosed by the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea. The occupation and the use of public water were dominated by installation of coastal structure and seawater supply and drainage whereas the reclamation areas were predominantly utilized for developing industrial complex, harbor, fishing port and road. The occupation and the use were dominant in western coast, but reclamation was dominant in southern coast of Korea. The number of utilization cases was particularly greater in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Gyeonggi Province including Incheon. The number of the statements reviews increased by more than 200 cases in 2008 compared with 2007, and most of them were the simple statements. The statements related to ocean disposal of dredged sediment, reclamation, dredging sediment, seawater supply and drainage, and marine sand mining were submitted for review. Coastal utilization was especially active in the regions of seawater quality criteria I and II. In particular, special management sea areas designated under the relevant marine regulations were utilized mostly by reclamation for developing harbor, fishing port and coastal structure. Development activities in national parks comprised primarily structure installation and coastal maintenance. In the fisheries resources protection areas, 40% of the total cases accounted for coastal maintenance, 31% for structure installation, and 16% for seawater supply and drainage. In addition, alternative plans for the improvement in policies and system of marine environmental impact assessment were suggested to enhance the function and confidence of the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2007

For effective management of water quality on the southern coast of korea, a three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model is used to predict water quality in summer and to estimate the reduction rate in pollutant loads that would be required to restore water quality. Under the current environmental conditions, in particular, pollutant loadings to the study area were very high, chemical oxygen demand (COD) exceeded seawater quality criteria to comply with current legislation, and water quality was in a eutrophic condition. Therefore, we estimated reduction rates of current pollutant loads by modeling. The model reproduced reasonably the flow field and water quality of the study area. If the terrestrial COD, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus loads were reduced by 90%, the water quality criteria of Region A were still not satisfied. However, when the nutrient loads from polluted sediment and land were each reduced by 70% simultaneously, COD and $Chl-{\alpha}$ were restored. When we reduced the input COD and nutrient loads from the Nakdong River by 80%, $Chl-{\alpha}$ and COD of Region B decreased below $10\;{\mu}g\;1^{-1}$ and $2\;mg\;1^{-1}$, respectively. The water quality criteria of Region C were satisfied when we reduced the terrestrial COD and nutrient loads by 70%. Total allowable loadings of COD and inorganic nutrients in each region were determined by multiplying the reduction rates by current pollutant loads. Estimated high reduction rates, although difficult to achieve at the present time under the prevailing environmental conditions, suggest that water pollution is very severe in this study area, and pollutant loads must be reduced within total allowable loads by continuous and long-term management. To achieve the reduction in pollutant loads, sustainable countermeasures are necessary, including the expansion of sewage and wastewater facilities, polluted sediment control and limited land use.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 2010

Discharged materials from the point or non-point source are released into the sea, and as the results, marine environment is directly affected. We must estimate the impacts of contaminants to marine pollution rapidly and accurately. Therefore, it is needed on early warning system for appreciating marine environmental impacts, and required a bioassay to evaluate abnormal changes. A bioassay test was developed to examine the effects of heavy metal contaminants on the early life stages of the marine annimals. We have studied the effects of metals on early development of a sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus intermedius. S. intermedius embryos were tested with six metals (Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni) and showed the highest sensitivity to Cu as well as the lowest sensitivity to Cd. The order of biological impact for metals was Cu>Ag>Ni>Zn>Cr>Cd. In accordance with the results, sea urchins embryos can provide biological criteria for seawater quality assessment. The sensitivity of developmental bioassay whith S. intermedius is at intermediate level among marine organisms commonly used in aquatic bioassays. And this sea urchin can be routinely employed as a test organism for ecotoxicity assays.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.56 no.4
• /
• pp.462-472
• /
• 2023

We investigated the physio-chemical and geochemical parameters in the spraying shellfish aquacultures (Yeoja and Gangjin Bay) to establish the systematic strategy for effective environmental management. Spatial variation of each parameter showed partially significant difference (P<0.05) between Yeoja and Ganjin Bay, inferring the discriminative progress (i.e., accumulation and degradation) of the autochthonous organic matter within the aquaculture environments. We additionally integrated various properties (e.g., water/sediment quality, natural hazard, and biological health) which may affect the biological growth within the aquaculture habitats based on the biogeochemical cycles related to environmental components and aquaculture species. We used a screening approach (i.e., one out-all out; OOAO) which can permit the assessment of the health levels of aquaculture species, the scoring for other parameters (seawater, sediment, and natural hazard) as three levels (excellent, moderate and poor) depending on the complex interactive properties occurring in the aquaculture environments. Actual, discriminative scores obtained via our case studies may confirm that these stepwise processes are effectively evaluated for optimal health conditions within the aquaculture habitats. Thus, this approach may provide valuable insights for effective environmental management and sustainable growth of aquaculture operation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.160-167
• /
• 2013

The influences of inland pollution sources nearJeokyang and Jangpoports following rainfall events on the bacteriological water quality and safety of commercial shellfish were investigated in the Changseon area, Korea. Stream flow rates exhibited 1.9- to 5.7-fold increases after rainfall events and then fell to 68~81% of that level after 24 h. The calculated impact area of inland pollution sources was 0.47 $km^2$ in the Jeokyangport area and 0.27 $km^2$ in the Jangpoport area at 24 h following 11 mm of rainfall. When the flow rate of inland pollution increased, the level of male-specific bacteriophage (MSB) decreased, and no MSB could be detected in seawater samples, whereas 30 PFU/100 g was detected in shellfish samples. Fecal coliform levels in seawater and shellfish samples did not exceed their respective tolerance levels (4.5 MPN/100 mL) and 130 MPN/100 g, respectively and thus complied with the standard for approved shellfish growing area. The sanitary conditions of areas adjacent to Jeokyang and Jangpoports under conditions of rainfall below 29 mm met the criteria for approved growing area under the United States National Shellfish Sanitation Program and the EC Regulations.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2006

In order to develop the deep ocean water, we performed to study the characteristics of vertical distribution of dissolved trace metals(Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) from Apr. to Oct., 2005 in the East Sea. Total six sampling sites were selected in Gangwon-Do and Gyeongsanbuk-Do. Accuracy of the analytical procedures was assessed by the SRM(CASS-4) for dissolved metals in seawater. The mean recoveries of CASS-4 ranged from 89.4% for Co to 99.8% for Cd. In this study, the dissolved metal concentrations varied with space, time and element. The metal concentrations showed wide range in the surface. Cd, Ni and Zn showed a nutrient-type profile with surface depletion and enrichment at depth. However, Co, Cu and Pb were irregular in the vertical distribution. All metal concentrations studied in this study are lower than the criteria of Korean drinking water.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 1978

The contents of inorganic conservative constituents in the downstream water were determined in spring tides of every month from May 1977 to April 1978 at eight stations of Nagdong River. Samples were taken at the intervals of one or two hours from 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. at each station. Annual ranges and means of the chemical constituents over all the stations except station one, Kupo, ate as follows: pH 6.4-9.3, 7.7; electrical conductivity $0.085-0.345\times10^3\;\mu\mho/cm,\;0.196\times10^3\;\mu\mho/cm;$ chloride 5.8-50.0ppm, 17.7ppm: fluoride ND-0.19 ppm, 0.06 ppm: sulfate 5.5-41.1 ppm, 20.7 ppm; calcium 6-26 ppm, 17 ppm; magnesium 2.0-12.8 ppm, 5.1 ppm; sodium 7-26 ppm, 13 ppm; potassium 1.4-3.8 pprn, 2.3 ppm respectively. The seasonal variations of contents of the chemical constituents were not large and showed nearly definite values at all the stations except station one, Kupo. At station one, seasonal variations were large and the contents were excessively high due to inflow of seawater compared with other stations. The values over 50 ppm in chloride were not determined during the determination period at Mul Geum where the intake station for Busan city water is located. Most constituents except pH and fluoride were over the criteria for drinking water at Kupo, while at other stations only pH value was exceeded the upper limit of the criterion especially in summer period. The pH values tended to increase in the afternoon when water temperature was high. The chloride concentration was shown the highest value at station one, Kupo, with about 2 hours delay after high water of Busan harbour and 3-3.5 hours at Mul Geum.