• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.45-63
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• 2016

According to changes of recent climate social structures, frequency of occurrence new or complex disasters are increasing. So the importance of disaster prevention is increasing. To provide useful information of disaster prevention activities, We use the "Safety Sinmungo" main processing practices included Facility safety management in Ministry of Public Safety and Security. Facility safety management is the most and common disaster prevention activities. We identified the keywords in the risk report and facilities to residents report and analyzed the seasonal and inter-regional facilities report distribution process. We also utilized social network analysis techniques to configure a 1-mode, 2-mode facilities around the keyword for differences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 2015

The fashion items of the "Rainy Look" has become fashion items that could be worn in any weather. Accordingly, there is a need for this study to research the fashion items of the Rainy Look as its influence is becoming big enough to impact modern fashion and expand into the high fashion and street fashion. First of all, the purpose of this study is to analyze the fashion items of the Rainy Look that were represented in the high fashion and street fashion of 21st century. And the analysis was performed using the following categories: the functional aspect, aesthetic aspect, and the formativeness of fashion items. Through this, the study provided fashion styling materials using the Rainy Look fashion items. This study examined the concepts and characteristics of the Rainy Look as a literature study and analyzed its characteristics, which appeared in collections and street fashions. Especially as attires coordinated with business casuals in the street fashion, they appeared often among commuting office workers. And the conveniences of having a string in the waistline or securing storage space or detachable function. On the contrary, traditional raincoat designs appeared often in high fashion and as feminine styles, which is characterized by a slimmed waist with a use of a belt. and a flared lower part, such as shoulder patch or strap.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.484-489
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• 2000

Enterovirues may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, cold, and fever, mainly in young children. They are also recognized as important agents in acute infections of the central nervous system such as meningitis and encephalitis, and in subacute and chronic infections of the cardiovascular system such as pericarditis, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. They also can lead to postviral fatigue syndrome. For the detection of enteroviruses from the environmental samples, the combined cell culture-polymerase chain reaction (CC-PCR) technique was employed. In contrast to EPA standard method which mainly depends on the cell culture, it involved the use of cell culture, followed by PCR to improve the sensitivity and the accuracy of the test. According to the results of survey, from 1999 to 2000, for the presence of enteroviruses in the surface water samples from Nak-dong river, four out of twelve samples were positive for viruses. The titer of viruses in the surface water was ranged from 25 to 250 MPN. All of the viruses isolated were poliovirus type I with 98% nucleotide sequence homology. The result also clearly suggests the seasonal difference in the distribution of the waterborne enteroviruses in surface water because most of the viruses were mainly detected from the summer through the early autumn.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently widely used for aviation applications. Single-frequency GPS receivers are highly affected by the ionospheric delay error, and the ionospheric delay should be corrected for accurate positioning. Single-frequency GPS receivers use the Klobuchar model, whose model parameters are transmitted from GPS satellites. In this paper, the long-term accuracy of the Klobuchar model from 2002 to 2014 is analyzed. The IGS global ionosphere map is considered as true ionospheric delay, and hourly, seasonal, and geographical error variations are analyzed. Histogram of the ionospheric delay error is also analyzed. The influence of solar and geomagnetic activity on the Klobuchar model error is analyzed, and the Klobuchar model error is highly correlated with solar activity. The results show that the Klobuchar model estimates 8 total electron content unit (TECU) over the true ionosphere delay in average. The Klobuchar model error is greater than 12 TECU within $20^{\circ}$ latitude, and the error is less than 6 TECU at high latitude.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.115-132
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• 1996

The present problems concerning the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of the municipal waste are serious. And the transportation of the municipal waste is recently a important part of solid waste treatment and disposal. The waste pneumatic transportation system is expected to be an effective method for use in solving that problems. In this study, pneumatic transportation system was applied to 2,000-5,000 households of public/group housing for economic and technical analysis on the basis of data for working and operation. The proper equipment must be selected through economic and technical analysis for generation and properties of waste because the equipment in facilities of system is various. And the efficient operation method should be studied on the basis of information on the record of oeration. As the wet food waste clogs the pipeline, it is necessary to examine under the actual condition. The maximum unit waste generation rate based on the assumption that each household is comprised of 3.20 people is determined $2,340g/household{\cdot}day$, and it is included the 50% increase of seasonal and daily change.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 1997

Total suspended particulate matters in the ambient air were analyzed for eight chemical elements (Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Si, and Zn) using an x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) at the Kyung Hee University - Suwon Campus during 1989 to 1994. To use these data as basis for source identification study, membership of each sample was selected to represent one of the well defined sample groups. The data sets consisting of 83 objects and 8 variables were initially separated into two groups, fine (d$_{p}$<3.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and coarse particle groups (d$_{p}$>3.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). A hierarchical clustering method was examined to obtain possible member of homogeneous sample classes for each of the two groups by transforming raw data and by applying various distances. A disjoint principal component analysis was then used to define homogeneous sample classes after deleting outliers. Each of five homogeneous sample classes was determined for the fine and the coarse particle group, respectively. The data were properly classified via an application of logarithmic transformation and Euclidean distance concept. After determining homogeneous classes, correlation coefficients among eight chemical variables within all the homogeneous classes for calculated and meteorological variables (temperature. relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation) were examined as well to intensively interpret environmental factors influencing the characteristics of each class for each group. According to our analysis, we found that each class had its own distinct seasonal pattern that was affected most sensitively by wind direction.ion.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.711-716
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• 2016

The dynamical model forecasts using state-of-art general circulation models (GCMs) have some limitations to simulate the real climate system since they do not depend on the past history. One of the alternative methods to correct model errors is to use the canonical correlation analysis (CCA) correction method. CCA forecasts at the present time show better skill than dynamical model forecasts especially over the midlatitudes. Model outputs are adjusted based on the CCA modes between the model forecasts and the observations. This study builds a canonical correlation prediction model for subseasonal (June) precipitation. The predictors are circulation fields over western North Pacific from the Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 5 (GloSea5) and observed snow cover extent over Eurasia continent from Climate Data Record (CDR). The former is based on simultaneous teleconnection between the western North Pacific and the East Asia, and the latter on lagged teleconnection between the Eurasia continent and the East Asia. In addition, we suggest a technique for improving forecast skill by applying the ensemble canonical correlation (ECC) to individual canonical correlation predictions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.E3
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• pp.95-105
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• 2005

The concentrations of sulfur dioxide ($SO_{2}$) were measured from seven major cities and nine provinces in Korea for the period covering 1998 to 2003. Its concentration data were analyzed to explore the possible influences of spatial and temporal factors on the $SO_{2}$ distribution characteristics. Examination of spatial trends of $SO_{2}$ distribution and behavior indicated several interesting features. Although its annual trends appeared to be affected by the changes in the surrounding environmental conditions (e.g., regulation on the use of S-containing fuels), the seasonal trends indicated a cyclic and systematic pattern that may be characterized as: a gradual decrease in concentrations across winter, spring, fall, and summer. The results showed the generally enhanced mean concentrations of $SO_{2}$ from Ulsan, Busan, and Daegu with 12.8, 10.1, and 8.80 ppb, respectively. On the other hand, notably reduced $SO_{2}$ concentrations were seen from Gwangju and Jeju sites with its mean values of 5.43 and 3.88 ppb, respectively. The overall results of our study indicate that a decrease in $SO_{2}$ concentration levels continued through time, while its spatial distribution appears to be affected most sensitively by such factor as city scale and industrial activities.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-135
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• 1997

An air pollutant emission inventory system for the input preparations of photochemical dispersion model was developed. Using the system, anthropogenic emissions as well as biogenic emissions in the Seoul metropolitan area were calculated. Anthropogenic emission by fuel combustion using regional cosumption data, and the laundries and so forth was estimated. The biogenic emission was estimated based upon meteorological data and the distribution of land use type in the study area. The anthropogenic emission of pollutants was highest in Seoul, and the second highest in Inchon. TSP and $SO_2$ were found large quantities during the winter due to increased consumption of heating oil. NOx and THC were emitted without seasonal variation. Among biogenic emissions, PAR was very common while NO was the least common. PAR, OLE, and ALD2 were emitted in large volumes in coniferous forest areas, while ISOP was emitted in deciduous forest areas. Generally, most biogenic emissions increased during daytime, and peaked between oen and two o'clock. Because of strong solar radiation, emission during the summer was high. Biogenic NO emissions were found to be lower compared to anthropogenic emissons, and other VOC was indicated relatively high. In the study area, among biogenic emissions PAR was found to be 3 times, OLE 8 times,and ALD2 12 times more common than among anthropogenic emissions.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.450-453
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• 2006

Hydrographic data including particulate organic carbon (POC) from the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) study were used along with remotely sensed data obtained from NASA's Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) to develop POC algorithms to estimate POC concentration based on empirical and model-based principal component analysis (PCA) methods. In Case I and II waters empirical maximized simple ratio (MSR) and model-based PCA algorithms using full wavebands (blue, green and red wavelengths) provide more robust estimates of POC. The predicted POC concentrations matched well the spatial and seasonal distributions of POC measured in situ in the Gulf of Mexico. The ease in calculating the MSR algorithm compared to PCA analysis makes MSR the preferred algorithm for routine use. In order to determine the inter-annual variations of POC, MSR algorithms applied to calculate 100 monthly mean values of POC concentrations (September 1997-December 2005). The spatial and temporal variations of POC and sea surface temperature (SST) were analyzed with the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. POC estimates showed inter-annual variation in three different locations and may be affected by El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o/Southern$ Oscillation (ENSO) events.