• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 1996

Aerosol measurements were carried out at Kosan, Cheju Island, Korea for the period from July 20 to August 10, 1994. Total suspended particles were collected by high volume samplers and PM 2.5 particles with gaseous volatile species were collected by a filter pack sampler and their ionic composition are analyzed. The average mass concentration of PM 2.5 particles was comparable to that of PM 3 particles collected during March, 1994 at the same site but the average non sea-salt sulfate concentration was higher that that of PM 3 particles, implying the fraction of anthropogenic air apllutants during this period is higher than that during March, 1994. During the measurement period, two distincitive patterns were observed, high concentrations of mass and water soluble ions were observed between July 20 and August 1 while those during after August 2 were low. Back trajectory analysis results show that air masses arriving at Kosan during the earlier period were mainly from Korea and Japan while those during the later period were from the North Pacific Ocean. It is suggested that the particle ion concentrations during the later period are marine background concentrations at Kosan during the summertime.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.495-506
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• 2020

This study investigated the nitrate formation process, and mass closure of Particulate Matter (PM) were calculated over the urbanized area of Jeju Island. The data for eight water-soluble inorganic ions and nineteen elements in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were used. The results show that the nitrate concentration increased as excess ammonium increased in ammonium-rich samples. Furthermore, nitrate formation was not as important in ammonium-poor samples as it was in previous studies. According to the sum of the measured species, approximately 45~53% of gravimetric mass of PM remained unidentified. To calculate the mass closure for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, PM chemical components were categorized into secondary inorganic aerosol, crustal matter, sea salt, trace matter and unidentified matter. The results by the mass reconstruction of PM components show that the portion of unidentified matter was decreased from 52.7% to 44.0% in PM_2.5 and from 45.1% to 29.1% in PM₁₀, despite the exclusion of organic matter and elemental carbon.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.685-695
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• 2004

Size-segregated measurements of aerosol composition are used to estimate the transport of natural and anthropogenic aerosols at Gosan site during May 2002. The results of measurement show that not only soil dust but also anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfur and enriched trace metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, are transported to Gosan. This study combines the size- and time-resolved aerosol composition measurements with factor analysis in order to identify some source materials. As a result, coarse particles (2.5${\mu}m$~12${\mu}m$) are influenced by soil, sea-salt, coal, coal combustion, and nonferrous sources. But fine particles have different sources. The fine particles, which the diameter is from 0.56${\mu}m$ to 2.5${\mu}m$, are more affected by road dust, oil combustion, industry. municipal incineration, and ferrous metal sources. The very fine particles, from 0.09${\mu}m$ to 0.56${\mu}m$, mainly supplied by biomass burning, oil combustion, nonferrous and ferrous metal sources.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.72-83
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• 1989

Twenty-five atmospheric particulates were collected using a high volume aerosol sampler from Septermber to December, 1988 on a site located on the West coast of Korea and analysed for twelve elements (Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Pb) by AAS. The particles being mainly crustal minerals, large quantity of spherical fly ashes were also observed. In order to identify the origin of trace metals in atmospheric particulates, enrichment factor, interelemental correlation and factor analysis were performed. Based upon these analysis, the twelve elements can be classified into three groups; the elements dominantly present in soil particles (Al, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni), those in sea salt aerosols (Na and Mg), and those in air pollution-derived particles (Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag and Zn).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.615-622
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• 2015

East Asia is characterized by anthropogenic emissions resulting from the large population and fast economic growth of this region. Since the prevailing wind is westerly and northwesterly, emissions from Ul-jin can be expected to contribute to acidic deposition increase in downwind direction. Aerosols collected at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook and were analyzed for $NH_4{^+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, and $NO_3{^-}$ from Aug. 2012 to Feb. 2013. The seasonal averaged aerosol concentration showed the highest potassium and calcium ion in winter and the highest ammonium ion due to a meadow and high solar intensity in summer. Sodium and chloride ion showed the same ratio all seasons and sulfate and nitrate species showed the maximum value in winter Chemical components of aerosols collected at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook were lower by 16 to 73% than those collected at other similar environment site such as kanghwa, yangyang. Comparing air quality data at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook, There was found that Uljin coast site is less influenced by the sea salts(potassium, magnesium, calcium) and nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$ percentage is 3~13% higher than similar condition site.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.431-446
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• 2018

In this study, chemical characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ samples collected in an agricultural area in Nonsan of Korea were investigated focusing on of black carbon, 3 inorganic ions and 22 trace elements. It was found that the relative error and relative standard deviation of many trace elements fell below 10%, which indicates good analytical accuracy and precision. The mean values of $PM_{2.5}$ in an agricultural area were exceeded by new Korean air quality standard of March 2018. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was well correlated with those of black carbon and ions. The concentrations of trace elements were in a wide range of seven orders of a magnitude. Based on these $PM_{2.5}$ data sets, a total of 6 sources were identified using PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization; secondary aerosol (34.4%), soil/road dust (20.1%), biomass burning (16.9%), incineration/fuel combustion (13.2%), vehicle exhaust(12.2%), sea-salt (3.17%). Results of our study indicate that it is very important to control illegal burning activities in agricultural area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.590-603
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• 2006

Size-and time-resolved aerosol samples were collected using an eight-stage Davis rotating unit for monitoring (DRUM) sampler from 23 March to 29 April 2001 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the super sites of Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment(ACE-Asia). These samples were analyzed using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for 3-hr average concentrations of 19 elements including Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, and Pb. The size-resolved data sets were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) technique to identify possible sources and estimate their contributions to particulate matter mass. PMF analysis uses the uncertainty of the measured data to provide an optimal weighting. Twelve sources were resolved in eight size ranges($0.09{\sim}12{\mu}m$) and included continental soil, local soil, sea salt, biomass/biofuel burning, coal combustion, oil combustion, municipal incineration, nonferrous metal source, ferrous metal source, gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, and volcanic emission. The PMF result of size-resolved source contributions showed that natural sources represented by local soil, sea salt, continental soil, and volcanic emission contributed about 79% to the predicted primary particulate matter(PM) mass in the coarse size range ($1.15{\sim}12{\mu}m$) while anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion and biomass/biofuel burning contributed about 58% in the fine size range($0.56{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$). The diesel vehicle source contributed mostly in ultra-fine size range($0.09{\sim}0.56{\mu}m$) and was responsible for about 56% of the primary PM mass.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2011

The ionic compositions of atmospheric aerosols were investigated and characterized in coastal and mountainous sites of Jeju Island, which were Gosan and Mt. Halla-1100 sites respectively. It was found that the concentrations of nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ (non-sea salt sulfate) and $NH_4^+$ at two measurement sites were almost similar and they showed high concentrations in June at the same time. The concentration of soil-originated nss-$Ca^{2+}$ (non-sea salt calcium) was generally associated with that of anthropogenic $NO_3^-$ and its concentration was increased during spring season. From the comparison of time-series variation and regression analysis of ionic species between two measurement sites, TSP (total suspended particulate) in Gosan site was directly influenced by sea salt particles and the concentration levels of nss-$SO_4^{2-}$, $NH_4^+$, nss-$Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $NO_3^-$ were mainly related with long-range transported air pollutants rather than local pollution sources.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.108-121
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• 2009

The suspended particulate matters have been collected on membrane filters and glass fiber filters by an 8-stage cascade impactor for 2 years (Sep. 2005${\sim}$Sep. 2007) in Kyung Hee University-Global Campus located on the border of Yongin and Suwon. The 20 chemical species (Al, Mn, Si, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Ba, $Na^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were analyzed by an ICP-AES and an IC after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. Based on these chemical information, the PMF receptor model was applied to identify the source of ambient size-by-size particulate matters. The receptor modeling is the one of the statistical methods to achieve resonable air pollution management strategies. A total of 10 sources was identified in 9 size-ranges such as long-range transport, secondary aerosol, $NH_{4}NO_{3}$ related source, coal combustion, sea-salt, soil, oil combustion, auto emission, incineration, and biomass burning. Especially, the secondary aerosol source assorted in fine and coarse modes was intensively studied.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1996

Total suspended particles were measured at Kosan, Cheju Island, Korea during the period of March 11 .sim. April 19, 1994. Concentrations of non-sea salt(nss) ions were higher than those measured at clean marine areas in Japan and other background marine areas in the world. Especially, nss sulfate concentration is compatable to thoes measured at Seoul. It is suggested that most nss sulfate concentration is originated from anthropogenic sources. Nss sulfate concentration shows strong correlation with ammonium and nss potassium concentrations while shows no a pparent correlation with nitrate and nss calcium concentrations. Nss calcium concentrations shows strong correlation with nss potassium and mss magnesium concentrations. It is deduced that nss potassium has two origins, one anthropogenic, the other crustal. Backward trajectory analysis results show the trajectories of air parcel during the measurement period were mostly originated from China. It is shown that cases of high nss sulfate with high nss calcium can occur when an air parcel originated from arid and semi-arid regions of morthwestern China or Mongolia passes through northeastern China.