• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2020

Objectives : To study the shu points selection of the Four Seas in the 「Hailun」 chapter of 『Lingshu』. Methods : The effects and main indications of each shu point, their anatomical position, characteristics along with similarities of disease patterns according to excessiveness and deficiency of the Four Seas were examined. Results : The selection of shu points of the Four Seas were deeply related to the effects and main indications, and the common similarity among conditions due to excessiveness and deficiency was the presence of psychological aspects. Also, when the Four Seas are connected to the Jing-Qi-Shen and Blood, marrow sea[髓海] is connected to Jing & Shen, qi sea[氣海] is connected to Qi, blood sea[血海] is connected to Blood, and sea of water and grain[水穀之海] replenishes Jing-Qi-Shen and Blood. When connected to the Four Qi Intersections, the marrow sea is connected to 'head qi with intersection', qi sea is connected to 'chest qi with intersection', sea of water and grain or blood sea is connected to 'stomach qi with intersection', otherwise sea of water and grain is connected to 'shin qi with intersection'. Conclusions : The Four Seas are designated to the shu points due to their accumulation of Qi when the main elements of Jing-Qi-Shen and Blood are deficient or excessive, allowing for the most convenient management and manipulation of the condition of these main elements. In clinical practice, the shu points of the Four Seas will likely increase treatment efficacy for conditions that include psychological aspects.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.712-716
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) on the blood glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups fed control, sea tangle powder (15%, w/w), or sea tangle water extract (4%, w/w) diet. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed each of the experimental diet for 13 weeks. Serum insulin was increased by dietary supplementation of sea tangle in diabetic rats. Dietary sea tangle reduced blood glucose level of diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats fed control diet. Dietary sea tangle also reduced the serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride in the diabetic rats. While hepatic lipids were reduced, fecal excretion of lipids was increased by supplementation with dietary sea tangle in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that dietary sea tangle decreased blood glucose and improved lipid metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats and this effect might be exerted by increases in serum insulin and fecal excretion of lipids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.140-148
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• 2007

Diabetic nephropathy has been increasing, although blood glucose and blood pressure can be controlled by angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) or advanced glycosylation end products(AGE) inhibitors in the diabetic patients. We investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of sea tangle on the blood glucose, and pathological scoring of diabetic kidneys in the streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal rats fed control diet and diabetic rats fed control diet or control diet supplemented with powder or oater extract of sea tangle. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ(60mg/kg, ip) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed the experimental diet and water for 13 weeks. Dietary supplementation of sea tangle decreased blood glucose in the diabetic rats. However, dietary supplementation of sea tangle did not affect the antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA content and pathology of diabetic kidneys. These results indicate that decreased blood glucose by sea tangle could not delay the progression of diabetic kidney disease.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2013

The monthly variations of blood characteristics and RNA/DNA of black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, habituated in Geojae costal area were analysed to determine health condition of natural stocks in terms of gonad maturation and spawning season from March 2010 to February 2011. Spawning season determinated by gonadosomatic index is from June to August. RNA/DNA ratio of black sea bream muscle was strongly correlated with spawning season. During the gonad maturation RNA/DNA ratio in dorsal muscle tissue was decreased contrast to rapid increase during spawning season. Blood composition factors increased in terms of gonad maturation are aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, glucose, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphate. Other blood factors increased during spawning season are alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and lactate dehydrogenase.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2002

A blood biochemical analysis was carried out for the serum of wintering sea bream (red sea bream Pagrus major, black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli, rock bream Oplegenathus fasciantuas) with green liver syndrome. GOT and GPT were significantaly elavated in the diseased sea bream. The value of $NH_{3}$ was slightly higher but those of TBIL. TP and UA were lower than the control. But there were no differences in albumin. Ca and glucose between the diseased and the control. These results suggent that a green liver syndrome in the sea bream might be related with nutritional defects and the stress of low water temperature during the winter.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2000

We came to the conclusion after considering all the information from many kinds of books on the circulation courses, cross-link points, functions and the symptoms of disease of Chongmai. The results were as follows : 1. The Chongmai that starts from a Uterus flows to Dazhu through the inside of vertebra after joining Renmai and Duimai at Huiyin. The Chongmais up-line that comes out from Qichong into a surface of body arrives and is scattered at a chest through an abdomen. One strand of them goes upward again and is connected to a throat and lips area. After coming out from Qichong, separated down-line is divided into two parts when it arrives a inner part of a heel through the inner part of a leg. One is for an instep, the other is for the sole of a foot. 2. We call it "Sea of Twelve Meridians" or "Meridian's Sea". Because Chongmai controls all of Meridian by acquired "Basic energy" as getting Stomach's energy, Kidney's energy and air-energy, and there are responsible of physiological phenomenon control. And also we name it "Sea of Blood", because it starts from and provides a nutrition to Uterus. 3. All of these four Meridian such as Renmai, Kidney Meridian, Stomach Meridian and Spleen Meridian are ones that flow around the part of a chest and an abdomen. Chongmai makes energy and blood circulation of a chest and an abdomen be stronger and be controlled. Therefore it makes viscera, bowels and body surface be warm and given a nutrition. So Chongmai becomes "Sea of Viscera and Bowels". 4. Chongmai provides a nutrition for ligament and muscle and makes legs get warm as making energy and blood circulate from head to foot. If Chongmai is energetic, hair is completely easy to grow. 5. To see in pathological phase, Chongmais failure or weakness causes like a chest pain, stomachache, heart attack, a menstrual irregularity and sterility and so on. And also if Chongmai is damaged, it happens that giving a nutrition for lips area is stopped, and then mustache doesn't grow any more.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to investigate te effect of sea tangle and hypoglycemic agent(Metformin) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants levels in normal and diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76 based experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) cellulose or 15%(w/w) sea tangle for 3 weeks, and then rats of diabetic groups were rendered diabetic by intramuscular injection of streptozotocin(STZ, 45mg/kg BW). After induction of diabetes Metformin(350mg/kg BW) was given once a day using a feeding tube for 5 days. Blood glucose level in diabetic rats fed sea tangle was significantly lower than that of diabetic rats fed cellulose. Metformin feeding resulted in further lowering blood glucose. Plasma and liver microsomal levels of lipid peroxides were increased significantly in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats, and the plasma level tended to be decreased by sea tangle feeding. Plasma level of retinol was reduced by STZ treatment, but it was increased by Metformin feeding in diabetic rats fed sea tangle. The liver contents of retinyl plamitate were reduced in diabetic rats but recovered by sea tangle feeding to some extent. Liver contents of total vitamin A were increased significantly by sea tangle in diabetic rats. Although difference in either plasma or liver level of $\alpha$-tocopherol by diet and STZ treatment was not significant, $\alpha$-tocopherol levels were the highest in the group with simultaneous feeding of sea tangle and metformin. Liver contents of zinc and copper were not influenced by either STZ treatment or sea tangle feeding. The present study indicates that the lowering blood glucose level could be attained by simultaneous trial of sea tangle diet and hypoglycemic agent and the increased oxidative stress caused by STZz treatment could be relieved by sea tangle feeding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.923-927
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• 2009

Effects of deep sea water on blood glucose and the Langerhans' islet in STZ-induced type I diabetic mice were investigated. Results showed that diabetic symptoms in STZ-induced diabetic mice improve with a supplement of deep sea water. That is, the level of blood glucose was lower, the area of the Langerhan' islet was wider, and the number of pancreatic $\beta$-cells was larger in the diabetic mice supplied with deep sea water than in the diabetic mice supplied with tap water. Such effects might be related to the high level of Mg$^{2+}$ in the deep sea water.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.372-381
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• 2010

This study was designed to examine the effects of sea buckthorn (SBT) on the plasma blood glucose and cholesterol level in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200~220 g by an injection of streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in a citrate buffer into the tail vein at a dose of 45 mg/kg of body weight. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN-93 recommended diet and the experimental groups were fed a modified diet containing 10% and 20% of SBT powder for 4 weeks. The experimental groups were divided into 6 groups which consisted of normal (N)-control group, N-SBT 10% and N-SBT 20% treated groups, STZ-control, STZ-SBT 10% and STZ-SBT 20% treated groups. The rats' body weight, aminotransferase activities and hematocrit (Hct) values were measured along with plasma levels of blood glucose and cholesterol. Body weight losses were observed by diabetic groups While the nondiabetic rats gained weight. There were significant differences between the control group and the diabetic groups in the weight of kidney. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was lower in the non-diabetic group compared to diabetic experimental groups. The blood glucose were significantly decreased in the 10% SBT of diabetic group. The cholesterol level of STZ-SBT 10% and STZ- SBT 20% were significantly lower than for the STZ-control group. These results show that the supplementation of sea buckthorn leave powder may have favorable influence on reducing blood glucose and cholesterol level in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.333-341
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• 2005

In order to know whether polychaetes could be used as an appropriate organism for the detection of genotoxicity, DNA strand breaks were evaluated in blood cells of a nereidae worm (Perinereis aibuhitensis) exposed to various aquatic chemical pollutants (e.g. Cd, Pb, Pyrene, Benaor[a]pyrene). Hydrogen peroxide increased DNA strand breaks up to the highest concentration (10 $\mu$M). Higher concentration than 0.1 $\mu$M showed a significantly more DNA damage than control. Cadmium and lead also showed higher DNA damage than control, over 1.0 and 1 $\mu$g/L, respectively. In case of pyrene, DNA damage was detected even at 0.001 $\mu$g/L. However, DNA damage decreased due to apoptosis at the highest concentration of pyrene and Pb. This study suggested that the polythaetous blood cells could be used effectively for screening genotoxic contaminants in the environment.