• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 2015

We examined the appearance of cold water in the southwest region of the East Sea, based on the sea surface temperature (SST) at the east coast of Korea and buoy data in Donghae ($37^{\circ}31$'N, $130^{\circ}00$'E, 80 km east away from Donghae port) and Pohang ($36^{\circ}21$'N, $129^{\circ}46$'E, 35 km east away from Ganggu port) from June to August in 2013. Also, the serial oceanographic data of National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) were used to see the oceanographic conditions for June and August in 2013. The SST anomaly at the east coast showed negative values in $3{\sim}6^{\circ}C$ from 2 July. At Janggigab, the SST anomaly showed negative value amount to $10^{\circ}C$ in 8 July. The negative values of SST anomaly continued to the middle of August at Janggigab. The wind speed was 6~11 m/s and the direction was south-southwestly in 1 July. The wind speed amounts to 6~16 m/s in 2 July. It means that the strong wind induced the upwelling effect by a day. The temperature was lower than normal at the depth in 20 m of the East Sea in June and August. The air pressure was 996~998 hPa in the beginning of July. It was the lowest air pressure during the studied period. The correlation was 0.3 between the SST anomaly and air pressure. It was suggested that the appearance of cold water in the East Sea was influenced by a stirring due to wind and low air pressure as well as coastal upwelling.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2008

Direct measurements of four radiative components at air-sea boundary layer were conducted in the southern Yellow Sea during three cruises (seasons) in 2007. Simultaneous observations of meteorological (cloud cover, air temperature and humidity) and oceanographic (sea surface temperature) parameters were carried out. Observational results of radiative fluxes and meteorological and oceanographic parameters are presented. Mean diurnal cycles of four radiative components, net radiation, and sea surface albedo are calculated to achieve averages in different seasons. Net radiative fluxes in three seasons (winter, spring, autumn) are 8, 146, $60\;W/m^2$, respectively. Comparisons between the observed radiative fluxes and those estimated with formulas are taken.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.569-578
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• 2009

Aircraft Measurements of gaseous pollutants($SO_2$, NOx and $O_3$) in the Yellow Sea area, were carried out on 1997-2007. Main measurement site in 124$^{\circ}$-127$^{\circ}$E, 35$^{\circ}$-37$^{\circ}$N (in the Yellow Sea), have been done along the paths classified vertically and zonally. To understand how the air stream affects Long-range transboundary pollutants in Northease Asia (LTP), the tracks of pollutants in northeast Asia have been analyzed by dividing into 6 different regions(regions I-V and L). Compared with Korea's local sources and western north Pacific influenced by the Yellow Sea, when the air stream from region II is dominant, the $SO_2$ concentrations are 3-6times higher. In region II and III, $SO_2$ concentrations are represented highest at 25.0 and 14.7 ppb, respectively. However, in other regions, $SO_2$ concentration was recorderd the highest at 1.1-3.8 ppb, which is 7-15% higher then the highest one over the region II and III. During 1997-2007, the mean amount of incoming pollutants is 0.162 $ton/km{\cdot}hr$ exceeding about 5-times mean amount of outgoing pollutants over the West Sea. During the observed period, the amount of incoming and outgoing $SO_2$ over the Yellow Sea is the highest in winter, at 0.224 $ton/(km{\cdot}hr)$ and 0.120 $ton/(km{\cdot}hr)$, respectively.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 2017

The development mechanisms of an unusual heavy snowfall event, which occurred in the coast of Jeju Island on 23 January 2016 were investigated through a thermodynamic approach. The formation of heavy snowfall was attributed to the enhanced thermal convection in two ways. First, the convection was enhanced by the air-sea temperature difference between the cold air advection in low-troposphere associated with the strengthening of the Siberian High and abnormal warm sea surface temperature, which is $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ higher than normal year over the Yellow Sea (YS). Second, the convective instability was increased by the vertical temperature gradient between the 7 days-sustained cold air advection in low-troposphere and the abrupt cold air intrusion in mid-troposphere induced by the southward shift of a cold cut-off vortex ($-45^{\circ}C$) at the formation stage. Compared to the twelve hours prior to the formation, the low-level moisture increased by 5% through the moisture supply from the YS, and the air-sea temperature difference increased from $18.5^{\circ}C$ to $28.5^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, the upward sensible (latent) heat flux increased 1.5 (1.2) times over the YS before the twelve hours prior to the formation. Thereafter, the sustained moisture supply and upward turbulent heat flux helped to maintain the snowstorm.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2015

This study was conducted to perform various sensitivity experiments using WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model in order to determine the effects of terrains of the Korean Peninsula and the land-sea thermal contrast on the formation and development of the convergent cloud band for the cases of 1 February 2012. The sensitivity experiments consist of the following five ones: CNTL experiment (control experiment), and TMBT experiment, BDMT experiment and ALL experiment that set the terrain altitude of Taeback Mountains and Northern mountain complex as zero, respectively, and the altitude of the above-mentioned two mountains as zero, and LANDSEA experiment that set to change the Korean Peninsula into sea in order to find out the land-sea thermal contrast effect. These experiment results showed that a cold air current stemming from the Siberian high pressure met the group of northern mountains with high topography altitude and was separated into two air currents. These two separated air currents met each other again on the Middle and Northern East Sea, downstream of the group of northern mountains and converged finally, creating the convergent cloud band. And these experiments suggested that the convergent cloud band located on the Middle and Northern East Sea, and the cloud band lying on the southern East sea to the coastal waters of the Japanese Island facing the East Sea, were generated and developed by different dynamical mechanisms. Also it was found that the topography of Taeback Mountains created a warm air advection region due to temperature rise by adiabatic compression near the coastal waters of Yeongdong Region, downstream of the mountains. In conclusion, these experiment results clearly showed that the most essential factor having an effect on the generation and development of the convergent cloud band was the topography effect of the northern mountain complex, and that the land-sea thermal contrast effect was insignificant.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

Ice cliff retreat and sea-ice formation around King Sejong Station in King George Island were analysed and compared with air temperature change. Analysis of 33-year (1969-2001) air temperature records at Bellingshausen Station has revealed regional atmospheric warming, and the increasing rate of air temperature Is equivalent to a warming of $1^{\circ}C$ for 27-year period. Here we present time-series of observations for the areal extent of the ice cliff and ice sheet, showing that they have retreated dramatically in the past 45 years (1956-2001). Retreat of 1,050 m in length of the ice clifr has changed the Marian Cove into a low rectangular form of 4 km in length and 1 to 1.3km in width. The retreat rates have since increased from 6 m/yr of the Primary investigated Period to 54 and 81m/yr in the recent years. Exceptionally, the ice cliff had been advanced of 21m in length for a year between 1987 and 1988 of cold winters. Ice sheet in King George Island also shows a similar decrease, and the decreasing extent is much larger at the southern part of the Main Cove, relatively more exposed to the sun, than at the northern part. Comparing sea-ice formation in winter with air temperature data shows a pattern starting to freeze below $-5^{\circ}C$ and to thaw over $-3^{\circ}C$. It is conclusively estimated that the patterns and magnitudes of ice cliff retreat and sea-ice formation are consistent with fluctuations of the air temperature, and that the recent rapid retreat of ice cliff and less formation of sea-ice are caused especially by the warming trends in autumn accompanied with expansion of summer thawing period.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1380-1385
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• 2001

This paper evaluates the fatigue fracture behavior of a chopped strand glass mat/polyester composite both in ai, and sea water, Bending fatigue (R=-1) was performed on dry and wet specimens, that is respectively in air and sea water. Where the pH concentration of sea water was controlled to 6.0,8.2, 10.0 and the wet specimens were immersed in the sea waters for 4 months. Throughout the tests, fatigue cracks both in the dry and wet specimens, tested in the air or sea water, occurred at the beginning of the cycle, followed by either of two regions one decreasing and the other increasing as the crack growth rate increases.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2003

A local wind model and a three dimensional local environmental model including advection, diffusion, deposition. and photochemical reactions were performed at Gwangyang Bay, Korea, to predict air flow and air pollutants concentrations. A large grid was used, and nesting method was employed for small grid calculation. From the meterological module simulation, we were able to reproduce local wind characteristics such as sea/land winds and mountain/valley winds simulation at Gwangyang Bay. In addition, the concentration module showed high concentration regions at Yosu industrial complex, Gwangyang steel company. and Container anchor. It was also seen that air pollutants were dispersed by sea/land winds. A comparison between the measurement and the prediction of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, which are relatively low-reacted pollutants, was performed. However, the measured nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations were higher than the simulated ones. Particularly, ozone concentration between 8 a..m. and 8 p.m. agreed well, but the measured ozone during the rest of time were generally higher.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.111-116
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• 2011

Incheon International Airport is becoming a hub in the Northeast Asia region since its opening in 2001. Along with an increasing volume of air traffic, demands for airspace are also increasing significantly. In particular, air traffic delays have been growing rapidly due to an increasing volume of air traffic, specially flying to Europe through China. And therefore, there should be an alternative protocol to prevent flight delays. The main purpose of this study is to review current West Sea Airways of G597/Y64 which contains highly potential problems and to evaluate the efficacy of double-tracked airways in the west sea area.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.13-16
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• 2004

Deep sea water has mid temperature, abundant nutrients and minerals, and good tooter quality. For the purpose of drawing up deep sea water without pump pit construction, tile authors are considering to use air-lift pump. This report describes fundamental experimental investigation for air-lift pump characteristic and improvement in efficiency.