• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2015

From 2013 to 2014, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed to determine biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) at eight sites in Mt. Mudeung and one site in downtown, by using a GC/Mass-ATD (automatic thermal desorber). The concentration of terpene noted as biogenic volatile organic compounds at Pungamjeong (PA), in a forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa, was 821 pptv, which was the highest among the eight sites. This value was followed by Wonhyogyegok (WH: 785 pptv), Norritzae (NZ, coniferous forest: 679 pptv), Dongjeokgol (DJ, mixed species forest: 513 pptv), Jangbuljae (JB, Abies koreana: 476 pptv), and Seinbongsamgerri (SS, pine trees: 464 pptv). 11~15 species of terpene was detected in the forest depending on the site. At PA in May, α-pinene showed the highest value, occupied 20% of terpene followed by coumarin, sabinene, phellandrene, myrcene, borneol, eucalyptol, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, camphene, and mentol in the order. The mean concentrations of AVOCs were 0.74~2.52 ppbv in the forests and 3.14 ppbv in the downtown area. From May to July, the AVOCs ratios of the downtown to each forest were 1.9~4.0. Among 10 species of AVOCs, the sum of toluene and benzene was 2.34 ppbv and occupied 75%. In June, the ratios of toluene were 44.1% at DJ site and 53.1% at JW site (downtown). The BVOCs showed a positive correlation with the AVOCs at the forest sites (r = 0.328), which was statistically insignificant (p = 0.184).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2001

The biochemical composition and antioxidative activity of marine microalgae were investigated for the effective utilization of marine resources. Two species of marine microalgae, Nannochloris oculata (N. oculata) of Chlorophyceae and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) of Bacillariophyceae, were selected. Because these species showed the high growth rate and easy to continuous culture. The contents of crude protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were $54.91\%,\;11.29\%,\;and\;10.15\%$, for N. oculata and $38.07\%,\;13.19\%,\;and\;7.13\%$, for P. tricornutum, respectively. Glutamic acid was the highest concentration for both species. Galactose (3,712.02 mg/100g), fucose (1,966.03 mg/100g), and glucose (1,814.35 mg/100g) were the major carbohydrates for N. oculatae, and glucose (5,295.45 mg/100g) and mannose (841.34 mg/100g) were for P. tricornutum. K (12,906.86 mg/100g), Mg (1,039.15 mg/100g), Ca (882.57 mg/100g) and Fe (747.20 mg/100g) were the major minerals for N. oculata, and K (11,718.65 mg/100g), Ca (2,003.32 mg/100g), Mg (1,570.84 mg/100g) and Fe (552.58 mg/100g) were for P. tricornutum. In the composition of nucleotides, ADP ($4.77{\mu}mol/g$) was the highest in N. oculata and hypoxanthine (11.74{\mu}mol/g) in P. tricornutum. Large amount of linoleic acid (18: 2, $\omega-6$) was contained in N. oculata. In contrast 16: 1 ($\omega-7$) and 20: 5 ($\omega-3$) were major fatty acid in P. tricornutum. The antioxidative activities of organic solvent extracts of two microalgae were measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. The chloroform extract obtained from P. tricornutum was identified to be the most effective in DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.474-482
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• 1996

Two crystal structures of the vacuum dehydrated $Ag^+$-exchanged zeolite X have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at 21(1)$^{\circ}C$ (a=24.922(1)${\AA}$ and a=24.901(1)${\AA}$, respectively). Each crystal was ion exchanged in flowing streams of aqueous $AgNO_3$ for three days. The first crystal was dehydrated at 300$^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6$torr for two days. The second crystal was similarly dehydrated at 350$^{\circ}C$. Their structures were refined to the final error indices, $R_1=0.095\;and\;R_2=0.092$ with 227 reflections, and $R_1=0.096\;and\;R_2=0.087$ with 334 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3${\sigma}$(I). In the first crystal, Ag species are found at five different crystallographic sites: sixteen $Ag^+$ ions fill the site I, the center of the double 6-ring, thirty-two Ag0 atoms fill the I' site in the sodalite cavities opposite double six-rings, seventeen $Ag^+$ ions lie at the 32-fold site II' inside the sodalite cavity at the single six-oxygen ring in the supercage, fifteen Ag+ ions lie at the 32-fold site II, in the supercage, and the remaining twelve $Ag^+$ ions lie at site III' in the supercage at a little off two-fold axes. In the second crystal, all Ag species are located similarly as crystal 1; 16 at site I, 28 at site I', 16 at site II, 16 at site II', 6 at site III and 6 at site III'. Total 88 silver species were found per unit cell. The remaining four Ag atoms were migrated out of the zeolite framework to form small silver crystallites on the surface of the zeolite single crystal. In the first structure, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are approximately 32.0 and these may form tetrahedral $Ag_4$ clusters at the centers of the sodalite cavities. The probable four-atom cluster is stabilized by coordination to two $Ag^+$ ions. The Ag-Ag distance in the cluster, ca. 3.05 ${\AA}$, is a little longer than 2.89 ${\AA}$, Ag-Ag distance in silver metal. At least two six-ring $Ag^+$ ions on sodalite cavity (site II') must necessarily approach this cluster and this cluster may be viewed as a distorted octahedral silver cluster, (Ag6)2+.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2016

Metallothionein (MT) family of metal-binding proteins are involved in maintaining homeostasis and heavy metal poisoning. Recently, MT has been considered as a biomarker that can identify a particular species, very similar to the use of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Satsuma myomphala species of land snails have been reported from North-East Asia, including South Korea and Japan. In particular, the land snail species have been known from only a limited area of Geoje Island, Gyeongsangnam-do province of South Korea. Genetic studies of S. myomphala has been limited with only 6 nucleotide, 2 protein registered on the NCBI server. For elucidating the genetic information of S. myomphala, we conducted RNA sequencing analysis using Illumina HiSeq 2500 next-generation platform. We screened the MT gene from the RNA-Seq database to confirm the molecular phylogenetic relationship. After sequencing, the de novo analysis and clustering generated 103,774 unigenes. After annotation against PANM database using BLAST program, we obtained MT sequence of 74 amino acid residues containing the coding region of 222 bp. Based on this sequence, we found about 53 sequences using the BLAST program in NCBI nr database. Using ClustalX alignment, Maximum-Likehood Tree of MEGA program, we confirmed the molecular phylogenetic relationships that showed similarity with mollusks such as Helix pomatia and H. aspersa, Megathura crenulata.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.943-953
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate sediment recovery after the relocation of fish cage farms, by examining the changes in sediments and the benthic polychaete community. A preliminary survey was carried out in October 2017, before the relocation of the farms, and monthly surveys were conducted from November 2017 to October 2018 after the farms were moved. Subsequently, it was conducted every 2-3 months until October 2020. The survey was carried out at three stations (Farm1-3) at the location of the removed fish farms and at three control stations (Con1-3) without farms. The overall organic carbon content of the farm stations was higher than the control stations, but it gradually decreased after the farm was demolished, and there was no statistically significant difference about one year after the relocation of the farms (p<0.05). In the benthic polychaete community, abiotic community appeared at the farm stations in the summer, and consequently, the community transitioned to a low-diversity region with the predominant species Capitella capitata, which is an indicator of pollution. Until the abiotic period in the summer of the next year, the species diversity increased and the proportion of indicator species decreased, showing a tendency of recovering the benthic polychaete community, and these changes were repeated every year. In this study, the abiotic community appeared every year owing to the topographical characteristics, but as the survey progressed, the period of abiotic occurrence became shorter and the process of community recovery progressed expeditiously. Biological recovery of sediments after the relocation of the fish farms is still in progress, and it is imperative to study recovery trends through continuous monitoring.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 2022

In 2000, a total of 23,794ha of forest was lost due to the East Coast forest fire, and about 70% of the damaged area was concentrated in Samcheok. In 2001, artificial restoration and natural restoration were implemented in the damaged area. This study was conducted to understand the current vegetation structure 21 years after the restoration of forest fire damage in the Samcheok, Gumbong Mountain area. As a result of classifying the vegetation community, it was divided into three communities: Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, and Pinus thunbergii community. Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora, and Pinus thunbergii planted in the artificial restoration site were found to continue to grow as dominant species in the local vegetation after restoration. As for the species diversity index of the community, the Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community dominated by deciduous broad-leaf trees showed the highest, and the coniferous forest Pinus thunbergii community showed the lowest. Vegetation in areas affected by forest fires is greatly affected by reforestation tree species, and 21 years later, it has shown a tendency to recover to the forest type before forest fire. In order to establish DataBase for effective restoration and to prepare monitoring data, it is necessary to construct data through continuous vegetation survey on the areas affected by forest fires.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2001

This study is to investigate biochemical compositions of two species of marine microalgae, Chlorella ellipsoidea of Chlorophyta and Tetraselmis suecica of Prasinophyta, and to assess their potential antimicrobial activities. Crude protein, lipid and carbohydrate for C. ellipsoidea were $43.15\%$, $12.63\%$ and $13.09\%$, respectively, and those for T. suecica were $44.95\%$, $4.80\%$ and $24.05\%$, respectively. The major amino acids of the two micro algae were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, lysine and proline, and no significant difference between the amino acid compositions of both micro algae was observed. The major sugars for both microalgae were glucose, galactose and mannose, and glucose contents showed the highest level, $58.70\%$ for C. ellipsoidea and$57.86\%$ for T. suecica. The major mineral contents of both micro algae for 100g were Ca (3,114mg in C. ellipoidea and 3,389mg in T. suecica) and followed by Na (2,881mg), K (548mg) and Mg (545mg) for C. ellipsoidea and Na (1,832 mg), Mg (1,510mg) and K (548mg) for T. suecica. In the content of ATP-related compound, hypoxanthine in C. ellipsoidea and IMP in T. suecica were absolutely dominant compounds. The highest content of fatty acid in C. ellipsoidea was 20:4, $27.15\%$ and that in T. suecica was 18:3 (w-6), $18.10\%$. In case of physiologically important polyunsaturated fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6), both microalgae possessed just trace amounts but was rich in arachidonic acid (20: 4). Vitamin content in both microalgae was significantly high in choline and inositol. In antimicrobial activity by water- and fat-soluble fraction of the micro algae, hexane extract in the fat-soluble fraction of C. elliposidea inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis by $96\%$ bactericidal activity and tetrachlorocarbon extract of T. suecica indicated relatively excellent antimicrobial activity $(81\%\;bactericidal\;activity)$ against Escherichia coli. Hot water extract among water-soluble fraction of both micro algae almost suppressed the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by $96\%$ bactericidal activity.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

Beta-lapachone (${\beta}$-Lap; 3,4-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1, 2-b]pyran-5,6-dione) is a novel anti-cancer drug under phase I/II clinical trials. ${\beta}$-Lap has been demonstrated to cause apoptotic and necrotic death in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms underlying the ${\beta}$-Lap toxicity against cancer cells has been controversial. The most recent view is that ${\beta}$-Lap, which is a quinone compound, undergoes two-electron reduction to hydroquinone form utilizing NAD(P)H or NADH as electron source. This two-electron reduction of ${\beta}$-Lap is mediated by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which is known to mediate the reduction of many quinone compounds. The hydroquinone forms of ${\beta}$-Lap then spontaneously oxidizes back to the original oxidized ${\beta}$-Lap, creating futile cycling between the oxidized and reduced forms of ${\beta}$-Lap. It is proposed that the futile recycling between oxidized and reduced forms of ${\beta}$-Lap leads to two distinct cell death pathways. First one is that the two-electron reduced ${\beta}$-Lap is converted first to one-electron reduced ${\beta}$-Lap, i.e., semiquinone ${\beta}$-Lap $(SQ)^{{\cdot}-}$ causing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which then causes apoptotic cell death. The second mechanism is that severe depletion of NAD(P)H and NADH as a result of futile cycling between the quinone and hydroquinone forms of ${\beta}$-Lap causes severe disturbance in cellular metabolism leading to apoptosis and necrosis. The relative importance of the aforementioned two mechanisms, i.e., generation of ROS or depletion of NAD(P)H/NADH, may vary depending on cell type and environment. Importantly, the NQO1 level in cancer cells has been found to be higher than that in normal cells indicating that ${\beta}$-Lap may be preferentially toxic to cancer cells relative to non-cancer cells. The cellular level of NQO1 has been found to be significantly increased by divergent physical and chemical stresses including ionizing radiation. Recent reports clearly demonstrated that ${\beta}$-Lap and ionizing radiation kill cancer cells in a synergistic manner. Indications are that irradiation of cancer cells causes long-lasting elevation of NQO1, thereby sensitizing the cells to ${\beta}$-Lap. In addition, ${\beta}$-Lap has been shown to inhibit the repair of sublethal radiation damage. Treating experimental tumors growing in the legs of mice with irradiation and intraperitoneal injection of ${\beta}$-Lap suppressed the growth of the tumors in a manner more than additive. Collectively, ${\beta}$-Lap is a potentially useful anti-cancer drug, particularly in combination with radiotherapy.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2002

Background: Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the body's intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. This type of exercise optimises immune functions. Recently several experimental findings suggested that the regular swimming training increase immune response, but there have been very few reports which compare warm water exercise with cold water exercise in spleen lymphocytes. Methods: This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on Index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by splenocytes in BALB/c mice. Thirty six mice (6 week old) were performed 10 weeks of regular swimming training and they were divided into 6 groups according to the regular swimming training (CRG: control resting group, CEG: control exercise group, WRG: warm water trained resting group, WEG: warm water trained exercise group, CORG: cold water trained resting group, COEG: cold water exercise group). Analytical items were weight change, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of ROS. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS package program (ver. 10.0). Results: The swimming training significantly decreased body weight, and increased spleen index, the number of lymphocytes and proliferative activity in the presence or absence of Con A and LPS added conditions. For the WRG and CORG, the quantity of ROS from splenocytes was higher than CRG, whereas, ROS by spleen lymphocytes was lower following 90 min acute exercise stress. Conclusion: These results suggested that the swimming training not only increases the number of lymphocytes but also increases proliferative activity by splenocytes in vitro.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.185-188
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• 2016

PANM-DB (version 1.0) was constructed as a web-based interface for the analysis and annotation of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data of Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Nematoda. The database collected the sequences of Protostomes (Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Nematoda) from the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, and the same were compiled in a multi-FASTA format and stored using the formatdb program. This improved the processing of the RNA-seq sequences in terms of speed and hit percentage. PANM-DB has been successfully used for the transcriptome annotation of butterfly, land snail, and other commercial mollusca. We have improved the database by updating the same with new sequences and version 2.0 contains a total of 7,571,246 protein sequences (two times more as compared to version 1.0). Furthermore, the updated version contains the Cephalopoda database. The constructed web interface is available that independently analyses following these updates that is an improvement of the mollusks BLAST server. The updated version of PANM-DB will be helpful for the analysis of the NGS based sequencing data of non-model species, especially Mollusca, Arthropoda, Nematoda.