• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.555-565
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the biological stability of the zirconia/alumina composite abutment by histologic and radiographic examination in clinical cases. 17 partially edentulous patients (5 men and 12 women, mean age 47) were treated with 37 implants. The implants were placed following the standard two-stage protocol. After a healing period of 3 to 6 months, zirconia/alumina composite abutments were connected. All radiographs were taken using paralleling technique with individually fabricated impression bite block, following insertion of the prosthesis and at the 3-, 6-, 12 month re-examinations. After processing the obtained images, the osseous level was calculated using the digital image in the mesial and distal aspect in each implant. An ANOVA and t-test were used to test for difference between the baseline and 3-, 6-, 12 months re-examinations, and for difference between maxilla and mandible. Differences at P <0.05 were considered statistically significant. For histologic examination, sample was obtained from the palatal gingiva which implant functioned for 12 months. Sections were examined under a light microscope under various magnifications. Clinically, no abutment fracture or crack as well as periimplantitis was observed during the period of study. The mean bone level reduction(${\pm}standard$ deviation) was 0.34 rom(${\pm}\;0.26$) at 3-months, 0.4 2mm(${\pm}\;0.30$) at 6-months, 0.62 mm(${\pm}\;0.28$) at 12-months respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-months re-examinations (p > 0.05). The mean bone level reduction in maxilla was 0.33(${\pm}0.25$) at 3-months, 0.36(${\pm}0.33$) at 6-months, 0.56(${\pm}0.26$) at 12-months. And the mean bone level reduction in mandible was 0.35(${\pm}0.27$) at 3-months, 0,49(${\pm}0.27$) at 6-months, 0.68(${\pm}0.30$) at 12-months. No statistical difference in bone level reduction between implants placed in the maxilla and mandible. Histologically, the height of the junctional epithelium was about 2.09 mm. And the width was about 0.51 mm. Scattered fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and dense collagen network with few vascular structures characterized the portion of connective tissue. The inflammatory cell infiltration was observed just beneath the apical end of junctional epithelium and the area of direct in contact with zirconia/alumina abutment. These results suggest the zirconia/alumina composite abutment can be used in variable intraoral condition, in posterior segment as well as anterior segment without adverse effects.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.124-138
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• 2010

This study aims to investigate the effect of hotel and restaurant employees' eating habits on their dining-out behavior. 309 workers from die hotel and restaurant companies participated in the survey, and SPSS 14.0 was used to perform frequency analyses, factor analyses, f-tests, ANOVA and multiple regression analyses. An exploratory factor analysis revealed three eating habits; unhealthy, healthy and ideal eating habits with 62.250% of the cumulative variance explained. The factor analysis included the priority on menu items, atmosphere and location of a restaurant with 60.658% of the total variance explained The results of the t-tests gave partial supports for the hypothesized gender difference in eating habits and for the hypothesis that eating habits would differ according to marital status. The result of ANOVA gave a partial support for die hypothesized age difference in eating habits. The result of the multiple regression analysis showed that all eating habits, unhealthy($\beta$=0.326, p<0.000), healthy($\beta$=0.290, p<0.000) and ideal($\beta$=0.305, p<0.000), had a significant effect on the priority on menu items. Eating habits explained 13.1% of die total variance in the importance of restaurant atmosphere and location. The influence of unhealthy eating habits was not statistically significant ($\beta$=0.002, p<0.965) while the influence of healthy($\beta$=0.309, p<0.000) and ideal eating habits($\beta$=0.189, p<0.000) was statistically significant Consequently, there was a partial support for the hypothesis that eating habits would influence die priority of restaurant atmosphere and location as a factor when dining out.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 2005

Defining soil quality in scopes and applications is one of the prerequisite for the sustainable management of soil environment to orient researches, strategies and policies. However, definition of soil quality is controversial depending upon a viewpoint of soil science or soil environment. Soil quality can be, irrespective of the disciplines, defined as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. Common to all of the soil quality concepts can be summarized as the capacity of soil to function effectively at present and in the future. The OECD includes soil quality as one of the agri-environment indicators. This article intends to i) summarize the current soil quality research, and ii) provide information on protocol of soil quality assessment. A framework for soil quality was divided into three steps: indicator selection as minimum data set (MDS), scoring of the selected indicators, and integration of scores into soil quality index. Korean government suggested possible physical and chemical indicators such as bulk density and organic matter for paddy and upland soils to OECD. The framework of soil quality assessment is not yet implemented in Korea. Countries such as USA, Canada and New Zealand have constructed the framework on soil quality assessment and developed a user-friendly version of soil quality assessment tools to evaluate the integrated effects of various soil management practices. The protocol provided in this review might help policymakers, scientists, and administrators improve awareness about soil quality and understand the way of soil environment management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.73-81
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to create a database of the use of landscape greenery that surrounds commercial buildings in Seoul. The method of this study was: to review preceding studies and related laws, survey areas, measure trees, and analyze the results. The 20 representative sites were specifically investigated to measure the width, direction, and environment of planting conditions. To analyze the greens adjacent to the building, the greens were divided into three types: front greenery, side greenery, and rear greenery. The study surveyed the distance from trees to adjacent buildings, and their planting conditions. The results of this study are as follows. First, 45% of the front greenery and 30% of the rear greenery were not established, but 19 of the 20 side greens were. Second, 13 of the 44 green areas adjacent to commercial buildings were under 1m in width. Most side greenery was belt -shape and unrelated to the features of the site or building. Third, the average distance from trees to buildings was 0.76m, indicating that most trees were planted too close to the buildings. Fourth, of the 30 trees utilized, the species breakdown was: 8 evergreen trees, 15 deciduous trees, and 7 shrubs. For the most part, planting patterns were similar for all species. Fifth, most sites were ill-suited to tree growth, because crown shape, planting conditions, and light conditions, etc., had not been considered. Based on these results, it is suggested that more specific, subdivided standards for planting conditions should be established. For example, building plans should include a green area that is at least one meter in width. In addition, according to the location and type(closing/opening) of the greenery adjacent to the buildings, suitable management programs and supervision protocol should be adopted.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2014

In the course of study for the development of functional food using red beans (azuki beans, Phaseolus radiatus L.), the ethanol extracts from raw-red bean (RRB) and boiled-red bean (BRB) were prepared, and the components and various biological activities of both were compared. It was observed that the extraction yield, and the total polyphenol content, of the BRB were 1.2 times higher than that of the RRB. However, the contents of total flavonoid, total sugar and reducing sugar in the BRB were 30, 27.9 and 30.8% respectively when compared with those of RRB. In relation to antioxidative activity, both RRB and BRB exhibited moderate DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite scavenging activities and reducing power, though in all cases RRB demonstrated stronger activities than BRB. The extracts of RRB and BRB did not reveal any antimicrobial activities. In a ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity assay, RRB was higher than BRB, while BRB showed higher ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity than RRB. A strong and particular activity was observed in an anti-thrombosis activity assay of RRB. The extract of RRB demonstrated strong inhibitions against prothrombin and blood coagulation factors, with moderate thrombin inhibition. However, the extract of BRB did not exhibit any significant anti-thrombosis activity. Our results indicate that RRB has different, but useful biological activities, and loss or elimination of the biologically active substances in RRB occurs during the production of BRB. Therefore, to develop more functional foods from red beans, a study of suitable boiling, heating and drying processes is essential, and the efficient re-use of boiled waste water from the boiling process is necessary. These results could be applied to the further development of functional red bean beverages and sweat red bean pastes.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.73-80
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• 2006

The main purpose of this study is to help develop the productional system of the three dimensional digital animation domestically. Many 30 digital animation projects are being developed and finished with foreign computer graphics technology. However, the 3D animation market in Korea is not as good as the ones in other countries. One of the most significant problems is the lack of a program of study in Korea concerning productional systems used to create 3D animation. We previously imported an advanced productional system from the U.S., which was adaptable to big projects, and consequently, expanded the international digital animation market. Now, we need to develop a new production system which is fully adaptable to the Korean market. A non-sequential system of 3D digital animation tailored for small projects is more adaptable to domestic industry than the sequential system known as the 'Pipeline system.' A non-sequential system is good for small productions that are trying to create animation on a limited budget. The workers in this system can learn to make animation fast and effectively. They can also learn how to discuss with the others in order to avoid duplication of action. In contrast, in the Pipeline System, many workers repeat confirmation steps during the process for the same animations. The benefit of the non-sequential system is that the worker's interest and education can speed up production, because he/she can quickly learn every step of the animation process instead of just doing a particular job which does not allow him/her to observe the other steps involved. The 'animatic' step is the most important in the non-sequential system. The final animation is produced from the animatic. It is developed from scratch through to the final product but only after the agreement of all the workers, including a director.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 2004

Composting animal manure is one of feasible treatments that reserves some portion of nutrients of manure. Although the application of compost to arable land has many advantages, the repeated cultivation of the agriculture land will accumulate the level of heavy metals in the soil which is potentially hamful to people and animals. Therefore it is important to know the characteristics concentration and species of heavy metals in a variety of chemical fonns than just total content of the metal. Because the metals in different forms have different mobilities and bioavailabilites. The aim of this study was to examine the total content and the chemical forms of the heavy metals; Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the animal manure composted with sawdust or rice hull as a bulking agent. A total of 75 compost samples were collected throughout the country and classified into the three groups in accordance with the characteristics of raw materials: swine manure, poultry manure, and mixed(swine + poultry + cattle)manure. The compost samples were analyzed for total metal content and fractionated by sequential chemical extractions to estimate the quantities of metals: exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate and residual. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in all compost samples were lower than the maximum acceptable limits by the Korea Compost Quality Standards. The concentrations of heavy metals in the swine manure compost were higher than those of both the poultry and the mixed manure compost except for Cr. Zn and Cu concentrations of three different compost ranged from 157 to 839 mg Zn/kg DM(dry matter) and from 47 to 458 mg Cu/kg DM, depending on the composition of animal manures. The predominant forms for extracted metals were Cr, Ni, Zn, As and Ph, residual; Cu, organic; and Cd, carbonate. The results suggested that the legal standards for composts should be reexamined to revise the criteria on the total metal content as well as metal speciation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.29
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• pp.163-191
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• 2011

Recently, the problems in school violence did not stop on the crime between the members at the school and which developed into the invasion crime of the school caused by outsiders. The school is no more the safety zone from the crime. Particularly, in the case of the elementary school, because there are nearly no people who oppose to the outside attacker and can control this, it is the place where it is vulnerable to the invasion crime. The Metropolis of Seoul implements the School Sheriff system within the jurisdiction bureau, in the public elementary school. However, actually the School Sheriff business is being managed, never applying a rule in the Security Industry Law with the main content, that is the Security Industry Law application is excluded. Because the jurisdiction on the contract of Seoul City and operating company are run, the various issues is caused. First, since it is not being considered as a security business, the commercial liability insurance for security company has no chance to applicate when the operation company and the School Sheriff have related damage generation. So the security for the indemnification of loss of the victim is weak. Second, The task of the School Sheriff is ruled just by in the individual contracts. But it is insufficient with this thing. The related duties are required some supplement like a general rule application including the obligation of the guard in the security industry law. Third, the education of the School Sheriff needs to connect with the educational programme in the security industry law. The related professional education specially needed for the prevention of school violence ought to be reserved compensation. Forth, the citizens still demand the strengthening of police patrol for the surroundings of a school in spite of the result of Seoul City's public survey. Therefore, the active relation of cooperation with the police needs to be supported legally and institutionally with the Security Industry Law application. Fifthly, the success of the School Sheriff business can be more guaranteed with the supervision of the legal and institutional device like a the Security Industry Law application or police and all sorts of administrative execution's and etc.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.4346-4353
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to estimate the cervical range of motion and the effects of massage and static stretching in their 20s of normal adult. One hundred participants(massage=50, stretching=50) with no musculoskeletal and nervous system problems volunteered for this study. Massage and static stretching were applied to sternocleidomstoid, scalenes, trapezius, semispinalis, splenius, suboccipital, multifidi and rotatores. Both groups received intervention for 3 times in a week. The time the intervention was applied was for 10minutes. Effleurage, petrissage and stripping technique was applied to massage group and static stretching technique was applied to stretching group. The cervical range of motion (CROM) instrument was used to measure eight cervical motions (suboccipital flexion, suboccipital extension, neck flexion and extension, and left and right lateral flexion, left and right rotation). As a result of making a statistical analysis of the data, the following findings were given: First, normal cervical range of motion revealed; suboccipital flexion($2.39^{\circ}$) and extension($38.36^{\circ}$), flexion($54.11^{\circ}$) and extension($69.39^{\circ}$), lateral flexion on left($43.50^{\circ}$) and right($41.28^{\circ}$), rotation on left($66.39^{\circ}$) and right($65.94^{\circ}$) in male and suboccipital flexion($5.14^{\circ}$) and extension($36.47^{\circ}$), flexion($55.92^{\circ}$) and extension($71.22^{\circ}$), lateral flexion on left($43.34^{\circ}$) and right($41.06^{\circ}$), rotation on left($69.38^{\circ}$) and right($68.63^{\circ}$) in female. Second, women had greater range of motions than men in suboccipital flexion, left and right rotation(p<0.05). Third, it showed significantly increasing cervical range of motion in all directions within groups following treatments but not between groups(p<0.05). Our results suggest that massage and static stretching are an appropriate intervention to increase cervical range of motion by muscle relaxation and stretching and may be provided a basis for future studies investigating the cervical range of motion.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.432-438
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lespedeza caneata extract on the livers of alcohol-administered mice. The study subjects were divided into a control (Con), alcohol administration (AL), alcohol and Lespedeza Caneata extract 200 mg/kg administration (AL-LC 200), and alcohol and Lespedeza caneata extract400 mg/kg administration (AL-LC 400) group. Distilled water was administrated orally to control and alcohol groups for ten days, while Lespedeza caneata extract was administered orally to alcohol and Lespedeza caneata extract groups for ten days. All experimental groups were fasted for twelve hours seven days after the oral administration, after which distilled water was administered orally to Con five times at twelve-hour intervals. At the same time, 50% ethanol (MERCK, USA) at 10 g/kg concentration was administered orally to AL and AL-LC groups five times at 12-hour intervals. The AST, ALT enzyme activation in blood and histology of the liver were then evaluated. AST and ALT in AL-LC groups were lower than in the AL group. Particularly, the AL-LC 200 and AL-LC 400 groups had significantly lower AST activation than the AL group. Histological results showed that most of the subjects in the AL group had necrosis and deformation in their livers, while fat droplets were accumulated in hepatic cells around the central vein. AL-LC 200 group revealed that a portion of the central vein was swollen, liver cells were expanded, and small fat droplets were accumulated. In the AL-CL 400 group, the central vein was normal and small fat droplets were accumulated in some liver cells. However, most of the liver cells appeared normal in the AL-CL 400 group. These results suggest that the extracts of Lespedeza caneata prevented alcohol induced liver damage in mice and have great potential for use as natural health products.