• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to verify the drying characteristics of seasoned red pepper sauce and establish optimal drying conditions for far infrared drying of seasoned red pepper sauce. Seasoned red pepper sauce, which was dried by heated air, was used. One kg of seasoned red pepper was spread at thicknesses of 10 and 20 mm and dried by a far infrared dryer until a final moisture content of $15{\pm}0.5%$. The far infrared dryer conditions were air velocity of 0.6, 0.8 m/s and drying temperatures of 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$. The drying models were estimated using a determination coefficient and root mean square error. Drying characteristics were analyzed based on factors such as drying rate, color changes, content of capsaicinoids, and energy consumption. The results can be summarized as follows. The drying rate (that is, drying time) tended to be reduced as temperature and air velocity for drying increased. The Page and Henderson models were suitable for drying of seasoned red pepper sauce by a far infrared dryer. Redness decreased after far infrared drying under all experimental conditions. The color difference was 18.18 under the following conditions: thickness 20 mm, temperature $70^{\circ}C$, and air velocity 0.8 m/s. This value was slightly higher than those under other far infrared drying conditions. The capsaicinoid properties of seasoned red pepper sauce decreased under all far infrared drying conditions. The highest capsaicin (19.91 mg/100 g) and dihydrocapsaicin (12.87 mg/100 g) contents were observed at a thickness of 10 mm, temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, and air velocity of 0.8 m/s. Energy consumption decreased with higher temperature, slower air velocity, and thinner seasoned red pepper sauce.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.230-238
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare the regeneration of the seedlings under different vegetation types and to identify the presence of allelopathy in Abies koreana(Ak) natural forest in Banyabong Peak(elevation, 1715m), of Mt. Chiri. Twenty quadrats($10m{\times}10m$) were placed in May, 1996 to classify vegetation structure using TWINSPAN. Water-soluble extracts from leaves and soil humus of different vegetation types were collected to test their effects on both seed germination of Ak and mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Phenolic compounds from soil humus were quantified using HPLC. Among the four vegetation types, Sasa borealis(Sb) was found in both Ak-Quercus mongolica(Qm) and Ak-Rhododendron schlippenbachii(Rs) communities. Natural seeding of Ak was $230,000{\pm}90,000seeds/ha$ in 1995 and their germination rate was 25% in an ideal laboratory condition. Density of Ak seedlings less than 5cm in height was 52,000/ha in 1996, while that of seedlings taller than 5cm in height was only 4,000/ha. In the case of Ak-Qm community, density of Ak seedlings with Sb understory was only 7% of the density of seedlings with Rs understary, suggesting the inhibitory effect of Sb. The germination rate of Ak seeds was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of Sb, and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum(Rm) and Ak. Soil humus extract of Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity reduced germination of Ak seeds by 81% and also reduced by 19% the respiration of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fumgus, Lactarius sp. Among the seven phenolic compounds identified from the soil humus, extract, Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity contained significantly high content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid. Particularly, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was present at 4.2ppm in the Sb roots and at 16.5ppm in the Sb humus, suggesting that it could be the primary allelopathic compound in Abies koreana forests with Sasa borealis understory.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to observe the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast changes due to the reaction of human brain at a gustatory sense in response to a salty-taste stimulation. Materials and Methods : Twelve healthy, non-smoking, right-handed male subjects (mean age: 25.6, range: 23-28 years) participated in this salty-taste stimulus functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study. MRI scans were performed with 1.57 GE Signa, using a multi-slice GE-EPI sequence according to a blood-oxy-gen-level dependent (BOLD) experiment paradigm. Scan parameters included matrix size $128\times128$, FOV 250 mm, TR 5000 msec, TE 60 msec, TH/GAP 5/2 mm. Sequential data acquisitions were carried out for 42 measurements with a repetition time of 5 sec for each taste-stimulus experiments. Analysis of fMRI data was carried out using SPM99 implemented in Matlab. NaCl solution $(3\%)$ was used as a salty stimulus. The task paradigm consisted of alternating rest-stimulus cycles (30-second rest, 15-second stimulus) for 210 seconds. During the stimulus period, NaCl-solution was presented to the subject's mouth through plastic tubes as a bolus of delivered every 5 sec using -processor controlled auto-syringe pump. Results : Insula, frontal opercular taste cortex, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were activated by a salty-taste stimulation $(NaCl,\;3\%)$ in the fMRI experiments. And dosolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was also significantly responded to salty-taste stimuli. Activation areas of the right side hemisphere were more superior to the left side hemisphere. Conclusion : The results of this study well correspond to the fact that both insula, amygdala, OFC, DLPFC areas are established as taste cortical areas by neuronal recordings in primates. Authors found that laboratory-developed auto-syringe pump is suitable for gustatory fMRI study. Further research in this field will accelerate to inquire into the mechanism of higher order gustatory process.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2013

Purpose: This study compared the quantity of phoria for distance by new method with that by existing methods. Methods: For this study, it was selected to two existing phoria measurements, von Graefe and Maddox rod. And new method named "3D polarizing phoria measurement" was designed to measure the quantity of phoria using polarizing glasses and 3D display. Unlike existing measurement using polarized lens, newly considered method measured the quantity of phoria in condition removed perfect binocular fusion using field stop on apparatus and polarized lens. For using new method for distance, it was developed a phoria test chart. It supports three kinds of phoria measurements. Subjects were 12 (male 6, female 6). They had three phoria tests (1 sets) including new method. It was considered the effect of experimental order, so we tested all cases about experimental order. The number of cases was 6 sets, and the sample size in this experiment was 72 sets. For removing binocular fusion, lighting of the laboratory that was below 10 lx and the background color of phoria test chart was dark, RGB=(20, 20, 20). Results: Subjects were sorted into three groups. Samples with exophoria and orthophoria were 30 sets each, and those with esophoria were 12 sets. The quantity of phoria measured three tests differ from each other like "newmethod < von Graefe < Maddox rod", and there were statistically significant difference each other. Conclusions: This study has great significance in the sense that new method was the measurement with naturally removing binocular fusion without dizziness during the tests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1350-1356
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• 2005

Osteoporosis that is associated with estrogen deficiency in menopause is by far the most common cause of age-related bone loss. Since isoflavone had been reported as a natural substance that minimizes bone loss, we have begun this study to examine the effect of the substance on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Five week-old (n=22) and 25 week-old (n=22) Sprage-Dawley female rats were classified into young (Y) and adult (A) groups. Each group consisted of three subgroups : sham operated group (SH), ovariectomized group (OVX), and isoflavone supplemented group (OVX+ISO 80 mg/kg B.W.). They were fed chow for 9 weeks. The result showed that body weight gain was increased in YOVX in comparison to YSH group, (p<0.05) serum osteocalcin concentration and urinal deoxypyridinoline (DPD) excretion had significantly increased in YOVX more than in YSH group, and significantly decrease in OVX+ISO than in YOVX group (p<0.05). We concluded that soy isoflavones may decrease bone turnover in young rats. However, isoflavone supplement didn't show significant influence on bone metabolism of adult rats.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 1983

The effect of temperature 'during the reduction division stage on the Indica-Japonica rice varieties were studied in artificial temperature-controlled cabinets (Bioclimatic Laboratory). Varieties used were indica-japonica crosses (Suweon 264, Suweon 258, Milyang 29), indica (IR36, Lengkwang) and japonica rice (Jin-heung). The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. The most sensitive stage to low temperature, the tetrad stage, was observed in each variety with the following auricle distance: Jinheung, -12cm; IR36, -3cm; Suweon264, -9cm; Suweon258, -3cm; Milyang29, -6cm and Lengkwang, +1cm. The tetrad stage occured when the palea elongation was about 50 to 60% of the final palea length at flowering stage in all varieties. The percentage of degenerated spikelets at tetrad as influenced by low-temperature treatment was very low in Jinheung and Lengkwang, but very high in IR36. In indica-japonica crosses only the 7-days treatments had a very high percentage. Between the 4-day and 7-day treatments as well as among all varieties, clear differences were observed in the low temperature induced sterility of 'special spikelets' (upper position grains at tetrad). In the 7-day treatments except in Lengkwang, all varieties showed very high sterility. It appears that the treatments is over the critical limit for treatment. However in the 4-day treatments, the intervarietal differences in sterility were very clear. In Jinheung, sterility was 46.8%; IR36, 67.6%; Suweon264, 60.9%, Milyang29, 62.2%; Lengkwang, 27.8%. A close relationship was observed between fertility and auricle distance. The lowest fertility of special spikelets was at the tetrad stage and the first contraction phase. Before and after the stage there was an increase in fertility. The palea length elongated nearly in a straight line from the spikelet formation stage to flowering. And there was a high correlation between palea length and auricle distance. distance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.519-528
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• 1985

Fillets of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and flounder (Xystrias grigorjewi) which, are representatives in red fleshed fish and white fleshed fish, respectively, were freeze-dried and stored in tightly sealed containers which were controlled to different relative humidity at $25^{\circ}C$. The changes of lipids were examined periodically by measuring the peroxide value (POV), the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and the acid value (AV). And the fatty acid composition of lipids was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The results obtained are summarized as foollows: From the changes of POV and TBA value during storage, the oxidation of lipids was distinct at the lower relative humidities, $0\%\;and\;23\%$, while inhibited at the higher relative humidities, $52\%\;and\;81\%$. The changes in acid value during storage were more prominent at the hifger relative himidites than at the lower relative humidities. The content of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ acids in the fatty acid composition of total lipids was abundant in both fleshed fishes. The content of $C_{18:1}$ acid in the nonpolar lipid and that of $C_{16:0}$ acid in the polar lipid were higher than other fatty acids. In the fatty acid composition of total lipids during storage, polyenoic acids decreased with storage period at $0\%\;and\;23\%$ relative humidities, while the fatty acid composition didn't show a great change at $52\%\;and\;81\%$ relative humidities. In the non-polar lipid, polyenoic acids coherently decreased under all the conditions of relative humidities but the saturated acids and the monoenoic acids increased. In the polar lipid, polyenoic acids decreased at $0\%\;and\;23\%$ relative humidities, while the saturated acids and monoenoic acids decreased at $52\%\;and\;81\%$ relative humidities. On the other hand, the oxidation of lipids was more significant in mackerel than in the flounder, and the changes of fatty acid composition were shown a similar pattern.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2013

This study was carried out to validate the safety of ametoctradin residues in agricultural commodities by developing an official analysis method. An analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC-PDA detectors. The samples were extracted with methanol, subsequently partitioned with dichloromethane and purified with florisil column chromatograph using acetone/hexane (30/70, v/v) as solvent. The method was validated by using grape, hulled rice, mandarin, and potato spiked with ametoctradin at 0.05 and 5.0 mg/kg, and pepper at 0.05 and 2.0 mg/kg. Average recoveries were 76-114.8% with relative standard deviation less than 10%, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.0125 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. The result of recoveries and overall coefficient of variation of the laboratory results from Gwangju regional Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Daejeon regional FDA was accorded with Codex Alimentarius Commission Guideline (CAC/GL 40). Based on these results, this method was found to be appropriate for ametoctradin residue determination and can be used as the official method of analysis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2009

This study was conducted to know the molting sequence and the aging points of flight feathers of steller's sea eagles (Haliaeetus pelagicus). For this study, two captive immature steller's sea eagles raised at the Ornithology Laboratory attached to Kyungsung University were surveyed for five years from Nov. 2000 to Nov. 2005. The survey indicated that the first molting began in July of the second year, and the primaries of P1-3, the secondaries of S18-19 (female), S17-18 (male), and S1 and S4 were replaced by one-time with second generation feathers. Generally molting stopped during the winter period, but a few feathers continued to molt during the winter. The two secondaries of S18-19 (female) and S17-18 (male) always molted every year but some of the juvenile secondaries (male: S10, S11, etc) retained for 2 or 3 years. In the molting order of primaries, the first molting started at P1 and it proceeded to P10 of outside. In the secondaries, the first molting started at S17(male) and S19(female), and it proceeded to outside. After that molting it started at S1 and proceeded to inside. In the other secondaries, the pattern of molting which proceeded in the mid-part of the secondaries was usually beginning in several different points at the same time. The molting seemed as if it depends on both the conditions of the individuals and the environment, so it was very difficult to explain the molting pattern in the mid-part of the secondaries. The longer quills (P7, P8) required for more than 68 days to develop. In the comparison of the length in the remiges between the first and the second generation feathers, the first generation feathers were the larger than that of the second. And the reduction of the length between the second and the third generation feathers was a few. The reduction of the length between the third and the fourth generation feathers was slight. The juvenile primaries were dark brown with a whitish base, which could be observed until the second or the third generation feathers (in their third or fourth winter plumage).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.403-410
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the microbiological contamination level of raw beef from retail markets in Seoul, Korea. The sampling and laboratory test were performed according to the procedure of "Standard for processing and ingredients specification of livestock product" and "Korean food code". Enterotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were detected using VIDAS$^{(R)}$ and PCR-based methods. Listeria monocytogenes serotyping and genotyping were carried out using Listeria antisera and L. monocytogenes Fingerprinting kit, respectively. A total of 48 samples were collected from 16 retail markets (butcher's shop: 5, department store: 6, supermarket: 5) in 2011. The level of total bacteria counts in the butcher's shop, department store and supermarket were $4.4{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, $3.9{\times}10^5$ CFU/g and $1.0{\times}10^4$ CFU/g, respectively. The concentrations of Escherichia coli of these three retail markets were $6.4{\times}10$ CFU/g, 7.6 CFU/g and $2.0{\times}10$ CFU/g, respectively. Salmonella species was not detected on all samples. However, S. aureus was isolated in the 3 samples (6.25%) from each type of three retail markets. L. monocytogenes was isolated in the 4 samples (8.3%) from department stores. The level of contamination of these foodborne bacteria was less than 100 CFU/g. The enterotoxin-encoding genes of S. aureus isolates were sea, seh, sei and sep gene. The gene similarity of L. monocytogenes isolated from two retail markets by Rep-PCR showed 57.8-98.1% and 68.1-98.1%, respectively. These results suggest that the HACCP guideline for environmental control in slaughterhouse and retail markets should be provided to prevent cross contamination and manage foodborne pathogens such as L. monocytogenes and S. aureus.