• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between job stress, attributes of health functional food (HFF) selection, and consumption values for information technology (IT) workers, and analyzed the factors influencing the selection of HFF to improve health by making the right choice of HFFs. Methods: Three hundred forty IT workers in Gyeonggi area participated in the study. The participants were divided into low or high job stress group. The differences in participants' general characteristics, attributes of HFF selection, and HFF consumption values were investigated, and the mediating effects of HFF consumption values on the relationship between job stress levels and the HFF selection attributes were analyzed. Results: Job stress levels were high in those IT workers with a length of service < 5 years (p = 0.013). The group with lower job stress levels had a higher tendency to consider the ingredients contained in HFF products (p < 0.001), and their efficacy (p = 0.047). They also showed greater emotional value for a sense of security from consuming HFFs to stay healthy (p = 0.047). The group with higher job stress levels had greater epistemic value in that their choice of HFFs differentiated them from the other workers (p = 0.036). Higher job stress was associated with less consideration of the intrinsic attributes such as ingredients and efficacy of the HFF selection attributes (p = -0.113), emotional value of the HFF consumption values (p = -0.136), and the functional value such as practicality, price, and safety (p = -0.134). The job stress level influenced the intrinsic attributes through the functional and emotional values, demonstrating that the functional and emotional values had appropriate mediating effects on the relationship between job stress levels and intrinsic attributes. Conclusion: Education needs to be provided for workers to relieve job stress and improve the functional and emotional values, which contributes to choosing the appropriate HFFs.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2016

Purpose - Counterproductive work behavior(CWB) was typically categorized according to the behavior whether it targets other people(i.e., interpersonal CWB: I-CWB). Employing organizations(i.e., organizational CWB: O-CWB) has emerged as major concerns among researchers, managers, and the general public. An abundance of researches has informed us about the understanding for the antecedents of CWB, whereas little is known about the antecedents of CWB directed distribution service in employee's emotional labor. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to propose a research model in which surface acting enhances emotional exhaustion as an emotional labor strategy, which eventually increases counterproductive work behavior(including I-CWM and O-CWB). Research design, data, and methodology - This empirical research data were gathered from the samples of full time frontline hotel employees(including front office, call center, food/beverage, concierge, and room service) in South Korea. Six hotels were selected ranged from four to five stars, including privately owned and joint-venture properties. A convenience sampling method was used to select hotels. Full time frontline hotel employees from the six hotels were surveyed using a self-administered instrument for data collection. With the strong support of hotel managers, a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, and 252 responses were collected indicating a response rate of 84.0%. In the process of working with the 252 samples, structural equation modeling is employed to test research hypotheses(H1: The relationship between surface acting and Interpersonal counterproductive work behavior(I-CWB) is mediated by emotional exhaustion, H2: The relationship between surface acting and organizational counterproductive work behavior(O-CWB) is mediated by emotional exhaustion). SPSS 18.0 and M-Plus 7.31 software were used for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the distribution of the employee profiles and correlations between factors. M-Plus 7.31 software was used to test the model fit, validity, and reliability of the factors, significance of the relationship between factors, and the effects of factors in the model. Results - To test our mediation hypotheses, we used an analytical strategy suggested by Preacher & Hayes (2008) and Shrout & Bolger (2002). This mediation approach directly tests the indirect effect between the predictor and the criterion variables through the mediator via a bootstrapping procedure. Thus, it addresses some weaknesses associated with the Sobel test. We found that surface acting was positively related to emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, emotional exhaustion was a significant predictor from the two kinds of counterproductive work behavior. In addition, surface acting was not significantly associated with the two kinds of counterproductive work behavior. These results indicated that the surface acting by frontline hotel employees was associated with higher emotional exhaustion, which is related with higher interpersonal counterproductive work behavior(I-CWB) and organizational counterproductive work behavior(O-CWB). In sum, we confirmed that the positive relationship between surface acting and the two kinds of counterproductive work behavior was fully mediated by emotional exhaustion. Conclusions - The current research broadens the conceptual work and empirical studies in counterproductive work behavior literature by representing a fundamental mechanism that how surface acting affects counterproductive work behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education based on ubiquitous healthcare (u-health) service on changes in dietary habits, nutrition intake, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in male workers. In total, 72 male office workers with at least three risk factors of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III were recruited as subjects. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses were conducted on all subjects. Dietary habits and nutrient intake were determined by a questionnaire using the 24-hour dietary recall method before and after nutrition education. Subjects measured their body composition, blood pressure, and physical activity more than once per week during the 12 weeks using the u-health care equipment and sent these data to a central database system using a personal computer. Individual nutrition counseling was provided four times on the first, fourth, eight, and twelfth weeks. The results showed significant decreases in abdominal circumference, body fat (%), diastolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides, and serum total cholesterol during the 12 weeks. Subjects with more than 12 measurements showed significant reductions in abdominal circumference, body fat (%), serum triglyceride, and serum total cholesterol. Mean intake of dietary fiber, animal calcium, potassium, vitamin C, and folic acid after nutrition education were higher than those before nutrition education. Participants showed significant increases in the frequencies of consuming protein foods (meat, fish, eggs, beans, tofu, etc.) and vegetables. In conclusion, nutrition education through the u-health service resulted in positive effects on the risk factors for metabolic syndrome, nutrient intake, and dietary habits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2014

Purpose: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009). Methods: Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the 'High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)' group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the 'Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)' group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects. Results: The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Requirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbohydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum triglycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF. Conclusion: Our findings indicate an association of a high carbohydrate diet with increased risks for metabolic syndrome components. Conduct of future studies would be necessary in order to explore the underlying mechanism and to confirm our findings in a prospective study.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.563-568
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of mesangi added to bread. In our experiments, the mesangi was added at levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4%. The properties of the prepared breads were analyzed in terms of volume of dough, specific volume, CrumbScan, color and sensory evaluation. The volume of the dough to which 1% mesangi has been added was the greatest and the specific volume of the bread to which 2% mesangi was added was also greater than that of the control bread. The bread to which 4% mesangi has been added evidenced the highest elongation at 1.39, the most profound thickness(0.05 cm) and the most prominent chromaticity of the skin. With regard to color values, as more mesangi was added the L value decreased. As the result of the sensory evaluation, the bread to which 1% mesangi was added was found to be the most preferable in terms of moistness, softness, taste and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.355-358
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Changes in Korea's agricultural soil properties were analyzed at a four-year interval from 1999 to 2002 on a national scale and used as basis for the determination of the appropriate agricultural policy on maintaining food safety and soil quality. The scope of this study ideally requires sampling thousands of paddy, greenhouse, upland and orchard land across the country, however, due to limitations in economic and manpower resources, it was deemed necessary to reduce sampling site to greenhouse soil. In this study, we try to investigate the applicability of cultivated crops as criteria for selecting representing fields in greenhouse soils.METHODS AND RESULTS: Soil samples were collected from red pepper, oriental melon, watermelon and strawberry cultivated soil. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on soil chemical properties of the selected fields: pH, electron conductivity (EC), available phosphate (Av-P₂O₅), organic matter (OM), and exchangeable cation (Ex.-K, Ca, and Mg). Soil chemical properties of oriental melon cultivated soil was separated from red pepper, watermelon, and strawberry cultivated soil on PC1 and red pepper cultivated soil was separated from watermelon cultivated soil on PC2. Position on PC1 was strongly correlated with pH, Ex.-Ca and Ex.-Mg and position on PC2 was strongly correlated with OM and Av-P₂O₅.CONCLUSION: The soil chemical properties of greenhouse soil was assorted amongst the different crops. Therefore, the cultivated crops as a criteria for the selection of representative field in greenhouse soil would be used in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by inappropriate prescription are responsible for major socioeconomic loss. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) has been recognized as a major part of ADRs and, therefore, healthcare professionals should prevent possible DDIs to minimize preventable ADRs. This study aimed to examine DDI information in drug information references and Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) drug labeling information. Drug ingredients from the formulary of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea (HIRA) were included for the study. DDI information source used for the study were Micromedex Drugdex and Drug Information Facts (DIF) with the DDI severity level of "moderate" or more. The DDI information in KFDA drug labeling were collected and compared. Drug ingredients were classified with KFDA Drug Classification and ATC Classification of WHO for the analysis. Among the total 1,355 drug ingredients satisfying inclusion criteria, 738 ingredients involved at least one DDI, which was described in Micromedex and/or DIF. Drug Ingredients of 176 involved DDI only described in KFDA drug labeling, but not Micromedex nor DIF. Drug ingredients of 35 which DDIs were described in Micromedex or DIF did not have DDI based on KFDA drug labeling. Micromedex and DIF retrieved 7,582 and 3,071 DDIs, respectively 57.6% and 58.5% of DDIs were also described in KFDA drug labeling. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cardiovascular system (CVS) drugs and the antiinfectives appeared to have higher frequency of DDIs among all drug classes. The highest number of DDIs with high severity level ("contraindicated" or "major") were the DDIs of CNS drugs. The antiinfectives are the second drug group having serious DDIs. The DDI pairs of the CNS drug and the antiinfective had the highest contraindication risk (13.6%). DDI information from Micromedex and DIF were not consistent with the result that only 465 ingredients' DDIs are common in both literature (total DDI numbers were 715 vs 488, respectively). And 1,652 DDI information are common in both references among 7,582 vs 3,071 DDIs, respectively. Only 55.2% of DDI information in the database contained in the KFDA drug labeling. Prescribers and pharmacists should pay attention to the drugs for CV system, CNS and infections because of higher risk of possible DDIs compared to other drug classes. KFDA drug labeling is not likely to be recommended as a good information source for DDI due to significant inconsistency of information. Drug information providers should be aware that DDI information from different sources are not consistent and therefore multiple references should be used.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2009

Mongolia has 80% livestock of total agriculture industry, 170,000 farms are engaged, 2,500,000 of cows that were beef and dairy cows are raised. Despite of Mongolian has great application with milk, there are not clear differences between cow and dairy cattle, and the production of milk is also low. But the milk suppliers are varied (horse, sheep, goat, etc), so that the total milk production is 500 thousand ton per year. It's really considerable to improve the breed of owing to many problems with big differences among milk qualities. For carrying out for first year project, artificial insemination project was operated with 3rd grade Holstein semen that were imported from S. Korea, and initiation and field training were also carried out through appropriate AI technique we developed for Mongolia environment. Local information research and MOU conclusion were done with professor D. Altangerel in May $10^{th}{\sim}13^{th}$, 2009, and development for AI technique and AI equipments were supplied for Mongolia breeding and natural environment in July $10^{th}{\sim}17^{th}$ in 2009. All cows were treated by synchronization for AI. To do this, $PGF_{2\alpha}$ injection were treated for luteal phase cow, if it wouldn't work, try again after 11 days. After confirmation of estrus, AI and AI training were carried out with sperm injection in the uterus or cervix by rectum-vagina method which is common worldwide, the most effective artificial insemination technique. If cows were return to next estrus cycle, second AI was carried out about approximately 21 days after artificial insemination. After 2 months, all cows not showing return estrus should be taken pregnancy test. Every pregnant cow will be cared thoroughly. Total 48 cows administrated by $PGF_{2\alpha}$ for synchronization and after 48 hours 45 cows (93.8%) showing estrus were detected and then artificial inseminate them within who 8 cows (27.8%) showed return estrus. Therefore, Using $PGF_2{\alpha}$ for synchronization is effective to use for Mongolia breeding conditions. There are possibility of base for food production after all, including increase of livestock production in Mongolia by improvement of breeding cow with AI and embryo transfer project.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 2022

Purpose: With the development of the Internet, consumers can quickly access the electronic word-of-mouth. Consumers seek to reduce uncertainty by referring to the opinions of other consumers about products and services when making purchase decisions. In the food service industry, evaluating a restaurant before an actual visitation is difficult. Therefore, electronic word-of-mouth is important to interact with the customer in restaurants. as it can be used as an exchange of information in which consumers participate and interact with other customers. This study was conducted to verify how online word-of-mouth characteristics (Consensus, Vividness, Neutrality) on attitudes and visit intention from the perspective of social exchange theory. And it was performed to verify the structural relationship between short-term visit intention, mid-term visit and long-term visit intention. Research design, data, and methodology: A survey was conducted on customers who have visited restaurants. Of a total of 312 responses, 306 responses were used, excluding insincere responses and missing values for factors analysis. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 were used for statistical analysis, and hypothesis testing was conducted after verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items. Result: The result of the analysis showed that, consensus and neutrality have a positive effect on attitude but not much on vividness. In addition, consensus, vividness, and neutrality have no effect on the short-term visit intention. Finally, the short-term visit intention has a positive effect on mid-term visit intention, and mid-term visit intention has a positive effect on long-term visit intention. Conclusions: Based on the results, this study suggested that it is necessary to have practical implications for marketing and monitoring restaurant reviews in consideration of the characteristics of electronic word-of-mouth. When managing electronic-word-of-mouth, it is necessary to manage the consensus and neutrality is essential to provide sufficient information about the restaurant. The focus should not only be on vividness, such as photos and videos. In addition, restaurants should also provide a good experience for first-time visitors as the short-term visit intention positively affects mid-term and long-term visit intention.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.107-125
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dietary life units of Korean and American high school home economics textbook according to Habermas's three systems of action and to find out how the three systems of action are reflected in the learning objectives and activity tasks of the textbook. To achieve this purpose, this study analyzed the learning objectives and activity tasks of the dietary life units in the textbooks of 'technology & home economics' and 'home economics science' in Korea, and 'succeeding in life and career' in America using a content analysis technique based on Habermas's three systems of action. In analyzing the content, each learning objective or activity was matched with one of the three systems of action by examining the context. In some cases, two or more systems of actions were integrated in one activity. This is a case where a series of learning tasks that involve different action system were grouped into one. The numbers of learning objectives and activities of the units of 'technology & home economics', 'home economics science' textbooks of Korean high schools and 'succeeding in life and career' dietary life of American high schools were 3, 26, and 248, respectively. In Korean textbooks, the percentage of communicative action was highest among the three systems, that is, 66.7% for 'technology & home economics' textbooks and 50% for 'home economics science' textbooks. In comparison technical action was the highest in American textbooks at 66.5%. Activities related to technical action included cooking, conducting research on health and food, or conducting experiments. The activities related to communicative action included role play related to health and table manners, or writing reports after conducting surveys or interviewing professionals. The activities related to emancipative action were to social participation activities such as service project in relation to health and food, or to find problems that occur in dietary life and think about be best solution through practical reasoning.