• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2024

Control of scattered radiation is one of very important factors in the use of medical radiation. In general X-ray exam, the causes, measurement methods, and the kind of detectors of scattered rays within the radiation area are diverse. In this study, the dose of scattered ray was measured by changing the thickness of the polycarbonate phantom and the tube voltage. As a result of measurement of scattered radiation, the results show that the scattered dose significantly(p<.05) increased with growing of thickness of phantom in the tube voltage 40, 50 and 60 kVp(F(p)<.05, R²>64%). As tube voltage increased at all phantom thicknesses, the scattered dose also significantly(p<.05) increased(F(p)<.05, R²>69%). In cases where a significant correlation was shown, the coefficient of determination of more than 60% was shown in regression analysis. The results of this study can be used as data on scattered radiation dose according to the tube voltage and the object thickness in general X-ray imaging exam.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.141-145
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• 2017

This paper uses a glass dosimeter to evaluate the lens-absorbed dose of scattered radiation generated in tomotherapy intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The head and neck portion of the rando phantom was subjected to a CT scan. The tomotherapy plan was designed to ensure delivery of the prescribed total 70 Gy day 2.2 Gy. With the lens portion of the glass dosimeter, a 5mm bolus was subjected to the scattered radiation treatment, and the dose was measured in each of the three megavoltage CT (MVCT) modes. The result is multiplied by 30 times and was determined once as the mean value. The measurement at the MVCT Coarse mode is RT mode 10.797 mGy, that for the Normal mode is 13.360 mGy, for the Fine mode is a maximum of 22.872 mGy, and for the treatment mode is 895.830 mGy. A small amount of scattered radiation in the MVCT is measured in the lens scattered radiation, but scattered radiation during treatment was measured to be near 1 Gy on the lens. Compared to a one-time radiation treatment of 2.2 Gy, the survey showed something unexpected in that it was half the value of that research to the patient. Therefore, will be aware of how much of an influence there will be on sensitive organs, such as the lens by scattered radiation generated during intensity modulated radiation therapy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1990

Scatter-air ratios are used for the purpose of calculating scattered dose in the medium. The computation of the primary and the scattered dose separately is particularly useful in the dosimetry of irregular fields with shielding block in radiation field, dose distribution of scattered radiation using 18MeV Linear accelerator and Co-50 teletherapy measured. The effect of scattered radiation dose by protecting block was been ignored in radiation therapy, 2-3% of scattered radiation may be 90-200 cGy which could be influence vitial complications such as cataract, oligospermia or sterility. So that exect calculation of such scattered radiation especially for large field $\bar{c}$ small protection of vitial organ is very important. The purpose of this article is to calculate scattered radiation by protecting block exactly for irregular field $\bar{c}$ Linac or Co-60 irradiation and to applicate these data in clinical radiation field. Authors could obtain following results. 1. The lesser angle between shielding block showed more scattered radiation. 2. With decreasing distance between shielding blocks, the dependent of scattered radiation were increased. 3. Output of 18MeV Linear accelerator and Co-60 was related linear proportion on field size, but independent according to the size of shielding block in 18MeV Linear accelerator.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

High energy photon beams from medical linear accelerators produce large scattered radiation by various components of the treatment head, collimator and walls or objects in the treatment room including the patient. These scattered radiation do not provide therapeutic dose and are considered a hazard from the radiation safety perspective. Scattered dose of therapeutic high energy radiation beams are contributed significant unwanted dose to the patient. ICRP take the position that a dose of 500mGy may cause abortion at any stage of pregnancy and that radiation detriment to the fetus includes risk of mental retardation with a possible threshold in the dose response relationship around 100 mGy for the gestational period. The ICRP principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) was recommended for protection of occupation upon the linear no-threshold dose response hypothesis for cancer induction. We suggest this ALARA principle be applied to the fetus and testicle in therapeutic treatment. Radiation dose outside a photon treatment filed is mostly due to scattered photons. This scattered dose is a function of the distance from the beam edge, treatment geometry, primary photon energy, and depth in the patient. The need for effective shielding of the fetus and testicle is reinforced when young patients ate treated with external beam radiation therapy and then shielding designed to reduce the scattered photon dose to normal organs have to considered. Irradiation was performed in phantom using high energy photon beams produced by a Varian 2100C/D medical linear accelerator (Varian Oncology Systems, Palo Alto, CA) located at the Yonsei Cancer Center. The composite phantom used was comprised of a commercially available anthropomorphic Rando phantom (Phantom Laboratory Inc., Salem, YN) and a rectangular solid polystyrene phantom of dimensions $30cm{\times}30cm{\times}20cm$. the anthropomorphic Rando phantom represents an average man made from tissue equivalent materials that is transected into transverse 36 slices of 2.5cm thickness. Photon dose was measured using a Capintec PR-06C ionization chamber with Capintec 192 electrometer (Capintec Inc., Ramsey, NJ), TLD( VICTOREEN 5000. LiF) and film dosimetry V-Omat, Kodak). In case of fetus, the dosimeter was placed at a depth of loom in this phantom at 100cm source to axis distance and located centrally 15cm from the inferior edge of the $30cm{\times}30cm^2$ x-ray beam irradiating the Rando phantom chest wall. A acryl bridge of size $40cm{\times}40cm^2$ and a clear space of about 20 cm was fabricated and placed on top of the rectangular polystyrene phantom representing the abdomen of the patient. The leaf pot for testicle shielding was made as various shape, sizes, thickness and supporting stand. The scattered photon with and without shielding were measured at the representative position of the fetus and testicle. Measurement of radiation scattered dose outside fields and critical organs, like fetus position and testicle region, from chest or pelvic irradiation by large fie]d of high energy radiation beam was performed using an ionization chamber and film dosimetry. The scattered doses outside field were measured 5 - 10% of maximum doses in fields and exponentially decrease from field margins. The scattered photon dose received the fetus and testicle from thorax field irradiation was measured about 1 mGy/Gy of photon treatment dose. Shielding construction to reduce this scattered dose was investigated using lead sheet and blocks. Lead pot shield for testicle reduced the scatter dose under 10 mGy when photon beam of 60 Gy was irradiated in abdomen region. The scattered photon dose is reduced when the lead shield was used while the no significant reduction of scattered photon dose was observed and 2-3 mm lead sheets refuted the skin dose under 80% and almost electron contamination. The results indicate that it was possible to improve shielding to reduce scattered photon for fetus and testicle when a young patients were treated with a high energy photon beam.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2019

Mammography, conducted every two years, causes cancer due to regular exposure to radiation while reducing rate of death caused by breast cancer. The study evaluates the effect of breast shielding apron made to shield off scattered radiation that occurs to the breast when the opposite side breast is mammogramed. AGD was measured using ACR phantom, composed of 50% mammary glands and 50% fat, and radiation was measured before and after wearing the apron on the breast when the opposite side of the breast is mammogramed. When CC direction mammography was conducted to a breast, the AGD was 1.84 mGy. When CC direction and MLO direction mammography were done to a breast, the average dose detected from the opposite side breast from four directions(top to bottom and medial to lateral) was $140{\mu}Gy$ with maximum dose of $256{\mu}Gy$ at medial side. After putting on the apron, the dose, caused by scattered radiation, was not detected from any of the four directions. Using of breast shielding apron is expected to minimize the radiation exposure by blocking scattered radiation to the breast shielded, when mammography is done to the opposite side breast.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.248-253
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• 2018

Radiation protection in the scrotum to reduce the risk of genetic effect in the future is very important. This study aimed to measure the scrotal dose outside the treatment fields by using the radio-photoluminescence glass dosimeter (RPLGD). The characteristics of RPLGD model GD-302M were studied. Scattered dose to scrotum was measured in one liposarcoma case with the prescribed dose of 60 Gy. RPLGDs were placed in three different locations: one RPLGD was positioned at the posterior area which closer to the scrotum, and the other two RPLGDs were placed between the penis and the scrotum. Three RPLGDs were employed in each location. The scattered doses were measured in every fraction during the whole course of treatment. The entire number of 100 RPLGDs showed the uniformity within ±2%. The signal from RPLGD demonstrated linear proportion to the radiation dose (r = 0.999). The relative energy response correction factor was 1.05. The average scrotal dose was 4.1 ± 0.9 cGy per fraction. The results presented a wide range since there was a high uncertainty during RPLGD placement. The total scrotal dose for the whole course of treatment was 101.9 cGy (1.7% of the prescribed dose). The RPLGD model GD-302M could be used to measure scattered dose after applying the relative energy correction factor.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2023

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a specialized medical equipment and plays a significant role in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases and abnormalities; however, it is attributed to risk of exposure of ionizing radiation. The aim of the study was to estimate and determine the amount of scattered radiation dose to the thyroid gland in dental CBCT during maxilla and mandible scan. Materials and Methods: The average scattered radiation dose for i-CAT 17-19 Platinum CBCT (Imaging Sciences International) was measured using a Multi-O-Meter (Unfors Instruments), placed at the patient's neck on the skin surface of the thyroid cartilage, with an exposure parameter of 120 kVp and 37.07 mAs. The surface entrance dose was noted using the Multi-O-Meter, which was placed at the time of the scan at the level of the thyroid gland on the anterior surface of the neck. Results and Discussion: The surface entrance dose to the thyroid from both jaws scans was 191.491±78.486 µGy for 0.25 mm voxel and 26.9 seconds, and 153.670±74.041 µGy from the mandible scan, whereas from the maxilla scan the surface entrance dose was 5.259±10.691 µGy. Conclusion: The surface entrance doses to the thyroid gland from imaging of both the jaws, and also from imaging of the maxilla and mandible alone were within the threshold limit. The surface entrance dose and effective dose in CBCT were dependent on the exposure parameters (kVp and mAs), scan length, and field of view. To further reduce the radiation dose, care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protocol as well as the provision of providing shielding to the thyroid gland.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.114-120
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• 2024

Background: Radiodiagnosis is widely performed in medical institutions. All medical professionals, including nurses, are at risk of radiation exposure. This study developed an educational application for radiation medical professionals to visualize the distribution of scattered radiation using augmented reality. Materials and Methods: A Monte Carlo simulation code was used to simulate mobile chest and abdominal radiography. The calculation results were incorporated into an augmented reality application. The results of the Monte Carlo calculations were validated by comparing them with radiation measurements. An augmented reality application for tablet devices was developed in Unity that visualizes the scattered radiation dose. Results and Discussion: The application was developed by visualizing the distribution of scattered radiation in mobile radiography in augmented reality in three-dimensional real space. The calculation results were validated, and the error between the displayed radiation dose values and the measured radiation dose values was generally less than 10%. Conclusion: The developed application allows users to overlay quantitative values of imperceptible radiation exposure doses onto any real-world environment. This enables users to intuitively understand the relationship between the distance from a radiation source and the received dose, thereby contributing to a better understanding of radiation protection in clinical settings.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.26-30
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• 1998

We tried to study in order to furnish the data for medical exposure dose and scattered ray in radiography. As the tables(from 1 to 3) show, we can presume, by means of a concrete numerical value, the amount of results affected by patient radiation exposure dose and somatic effect in radiography. However, there are many difficulties in the difference of exposure factor in each hospital, the accuracy of measuring by tracebility, shortage of exposure dose data especially in the area of children, and portable radiography, etc. In the radiation examination, it is considered if the gained benefit to the patient due to radiation is more than the risk of radiation, then the medical exposure is thought to be justified. Therefore, the radiotechnologists should continually make an effort to develop and study new techniques so as to reduce patient exposure dose.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2012

Purpose: The concern of improving the quality of life and reducing side effects related to cancer treatment has been a subject of interest in recent years with advances in cancer treatment techniques and increasing survival time. This study is an analysis of differing scattered dose to the contralateral breast using common different treatment techniques. Materials and Methods: Eclipse 10.0 (Varian, USA) based $30^{\circ}$ EDW (Enhanced dynamic wedge) plan, $15^{\circ}$ wedge plan, $30^{\circ}$ wedge plan, Open beam plan, FiF (field in field) plan were established using CT image of breast phantom which in our hospital. Each treatment plan were designed to exposure 400 cGy using CL-6EX (VARIAN, USA) and we measured scattered dose at 1 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, 9 cm away from medial side of the phantom at 1 cm depth using ionization chamber (FC 65G, IBA). We carried out measurement by separating effect of medial tangential field and lateral tangential field and analyze. Results: The evaluation of scattered dose to contralateral breast, $30^{\circ}$ EDW plan, $15^{\circ}$ wedge plan, $30^{\circ}$ wedge plan, Open beam plan, FIF plan showed 6.55%, 4.72%, 2.79%, 2.33%, 1.87% about prescription dose of each treatment plan. The result of scattered dose measurement by separating effect of medial tangential field and lateral tangential field results were 4.94%, 3.33%, 1.55%, 1.17%, 0.77% about prescription dose at medial tangential field and 1.61%, 1.40%, 1.24%, 1.16%, 1.10% at lateral tangential field along with measured distance. Conclusion: In our experiment, FiF treatment technique generates minimum of scattered dose to contralateral breast which come from mainly phantom scatter factor. Whereas $30^{\circ}$ wedge plan generates maximum of scattered doses to contralateral breast and 3.3% of them was scattered from gantry head. The description of treatment planning system showed a loss of precision for a relatively low scatter dose region. Scattered dose out of Treatment radiation field is relatively lower than prescription dose but, in decision of radiation therapy, it cannot be ignored that doses to contralateral breast are related with probability of secondary cancer.