Shielding for Critical Organs and Radiation Exposure Dose Distribution in Patients with High Energy Radiotherapy

고 에너지 방사선치료에서 환자의 피폭선량 분포와 생식선의 차폐

  • Chu, Sung-Sil (Department of radiation Oncology, College of Medicine Yonsei University) ;
  • Suh, Chang-Ok (Department of radiation Oncology, College of Medicine Yonsei University) ;
  • Kim, Gwi-Eon (Department of radiation Oncology, College of Medicine Yonsei University)
  • 추성실 (연세대학교 의과대학 방사선종양학교실) ;
  • 서창옥 (연세대학교 의과대학 방사선종양학교실) ;
  • 김귀언 (연세대학교 의과대학 방사선종양학교실)
  • Published : 2002.03.30

Abstract

High energy photon beams from medical linear accelerators produce large scattered radiation by various components of the treatment head, collimator and walls or objects in the treatment room including the patient. These scattered radiation do not provide therapeutic dose and are considered a hazard from the radiation safety perspective. Scattered dose of therapeutic high energy radiation beams are contributed significant unwanted dose to the patient. ICRP take the position that a dose of 500mGy may cause abortion at any stage of pregnancy and that radiation detriment to the fetus includes risk of mental retardation with a possible threshold in the dose response relationship around 100 mGy for the gestational period. The ICRP principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) was recommended for protection of occupation upon the linear no-threshold dose response hypothesis for cancer induction. We suggest this ALARA principle be applied to the fetus and testicle in therapeutic treatment. Radiation dose outside a photon treatment filed is mostly due to scattered photons. This scattered dose is a function of the distance from the beam edge, treatment geometry, primary photon energy, and depth in the patient. The need for effective shielding of the fetus and testicle is reinforced when young patients ate treated with external beam radiation therapy and then shielding designed to reduce the scattered photon dose to normal organs have to considered. Irradiation was performed in phantom using high energy photon beams produced by a Varian 2100C/D medical linear accelerator (Varian Oncology Systems, Palo Alto, CA) located at the Yonsei Cancer Center. The composite phantom used was comprised of a commercially available anthropomorphic Rando phantom (Phantom Laboratory Inc., Salem, YN) and a rectangular solid polystyrene phantom of dimensions $30cm{\times}30cm{\times}20cm$. the anthropomorphic Rando phantom represents an average man made from tissue equivalent materials that is transected into transverse 36 slices of 2.5cm thickness. Photon dose was measured using a Capintec PR-06C ionization chamber with Capintec 192 electrometer (Capintec Inc., Ramsey, NJ), TLD( VICTOREEN 5000. LiF) and film dosimetry V-Omat, Kodak). In case of fetus, the dosimeter was placed at a depth of loom in this phantom at 100cm source to axis distance and located centrally 15cm from the inferior edge of the $30cm{\times}30cm^2$ x-ray beam irradiating the Rando phantom chest wall. A acryl bridge of size $40cm{\times}40cm^2$ and a clear space of about 20 cm was fabricated and placed on top of the rectangular polystyrene phantom representing the abdomen of the patient. The leaf pot for testicle shielding was made as various shape, sizes, thickness and supporting stand. The scattered photon with and without shielding were measured at the representative position of the fetus and testicle. Measurement of radiation scattered dose outside fields and critical organs, like fetus position and testicle region, from chest or pelvic irradiation by large fie]d of high energy radiation beam was performed using an ionization chamber and film dosimetry. The scattered doses outside field were measured 5 - 10% of maximum doses in fields and exponentially decrease from field margins. The scattered photon dose received the fetus and testicle from thorax field irradiation was measured about 1 mGy/Gy of photon treatment dose. Shielding construction to reduce this scattered dose was investigated using lead sheet and blocks. Lead pot shield for testicle reduced the scatter dose under 10 mGy when photon beam of 60 Gy was irradiated in abdomen region. The scattered photon dose is reduced when the lead shield was used while the no significant reduction of scattered photon dose was observed and 2-3 mm lead sheets refuted the skin dose under 80% and almost electron contamination. The results indicate that it was possible to improve shielding to reduce scattered photon for fetus and testicle when a young patients were treated with a high energy photon beam.

의료용 선형가속기에서 발생되는 고 에너지 광자선은 콜리메이터에 의하여 누출되며 치료두부(head), 콜리메이터, 환자를 포함한 치료실내의 모든 벽과 구성 물질들에 의하여 많은 산란선이 발생된다. 방사선치료는 종양에 따라서 최소한 40 Gy에서 80 Gy까지 조사되기 때문에 주위건강조직 특히 생식가능한 사람에 대한 생식선의 피폭선량을 평가하여야하며 종양치료에 영향을 주지 않은 범위에서 가능한 방법을 동원하여 피폭선량을 줄여야한다. 방사선 안전관리등의 기술기준에 관한 규칙(과학기술부령 제17호) 제3절 의료분야의 특별기준, 제44조(진료환자의 방사선 피폭)에 의하면 진료를 위한 환자 피폭선량을 합리적으로 달성 가능한 최소의 수준으로 유지하기 위한 절차를 구비하여야 하며 과학기술부 장관은 이에 준하는 의료시설 및 장비취급의 기술기준을 정하고 고시하여야한다고 명시 되어있다. 고 에너지방사선은 악성종양환자들의 치료성과를 향상시키는 동시에 치료후 방사선에 의한 만성효과가 발생 될 수 있기 때문에 주선속의 다양한 산란선과 누출선의 선질변화와 선량을 측정하고 생식선과 같은 주요장기를 산란선으로부터 차폐할 수 있는 기구를 제작 사용함으로서 방사선 피폭선량을 최대한으로 감소시킬 수 있었다. 고 에너지 방사선은 의료용 선형가속기(CLINAC 2100C/D. 2100C. 600C)에서 발생시킨 4, 6, 10 MV x-ray와 코발트원격치료장치(ALCYON II)의 코발트선원에서 방출되는 1.25 MV의 감마선을 이용하였다. 선량측정은 폴리스틸렌과 인체팬텀(Rando)사용하였으며 측정기는 이온함, TLD 및 필름을 사용하였다. 고 에너지 방사선에 의한 산란선은 장치의 콜리메이터 뿐만 아니라 치료실 벽 인체내부등 모든 방향에서 방사됨으로 납 벽돌에 의한 차폐율측정은 많은 변수를 가졌으며 고환인 경우에는 3면이 모두 차폐되도록 항아리모양으로 제작하였다. 태아인 경우 태아가 위치하고 있는 골반위에 육교모양의 선반을 만들고 그 위에 납 벽돌을 장치하도록 고안하였다. Co-60 감마선, 4 MV x-선, 10 MV x-선에서 발생되는 누출선량과 산란선량에 의한 평균 피폭선량은 조사면 중심으로부터 10, 30, 60cm 거리에서 조사면내 최대선량에 대하여 각각 $10^{-2},\;10^{-3},\;10^{-4}$의 비율로 측정되었으며 거리에 따라 지수함수로 줄어들었다. 흉부에 국한된 종양을 10 MV x-ray, $12{\times}12 cm^2$ 조사면으로 치료하였을 때 자궁에 받는 피폭선량은 0.9 mGy/Gy이며 고환이 받는 피폭선량은 0.6 mGy/Gy 이었으며 체장과 신장은 각각 4.8 mGy/Gy 와 2.5 mGy/Gy이다 10 MV x-선, $14{\times}14cm^2$ 조사면 경계로부터 10 cm 밖에서 납벽돌의 반가층 두께는 약 9.0 mm 이였고 20cm 밖에서는 반가층 두께가 약 6.5 mm로 측정되었다. 복부에 위치한 악성종양을 60 Gy 조사하였을 경우 태아가 위치하고 있는 자궁의 피폭선량은 약 370 mGy이고 이곳을 10 mGy이하가 되도록 차폐하려면 약 6.2 cm두께의 납 벽돌을 자궁위에 장착하여야 하며 골반치료시 고환에 10 mGy이하가 되도록 차폐하려면 약 5 cm 두께의 납 항아리가 요구된다. 고 에너지 고 준위 방사선치료시 고환은 3면을 항아리모양으로 차폐할 수 있어 피폭선량을 상당히 줄일 수 있으며 자궁인 경우 체내에서 산란된 선량의 차폐는 불가능하였다.

Keywords

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