• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.4 s.63
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• pp.313-325
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• 2006

In this study, scaled model tests were performed to investigate the deformation behaviors around tunnels located in anisotropic rocks. Fifteen types of test models which had respectively different joint angles and rock pressure conditions were made, where the modelling materials were the mixture of sand, plaster and water. All of the tested models showed the shear failure mechanism at the stress-concentrated regions and sliding phenomena according to the joint planes. The direction of joint inclination turned out to have great effect on the tunnel deformation behaviors. The models of joint inclination less than $30^{\circ}$ showed considerable floor heavings. The model of $50^{\circ}$ joint inclination showed the least tunnel convergence among the tested models regardless of rock pressure condition, so that it was thought as the most stable model. Furthermore, the failure mechanisms and deformation behaviors of tunnel models were strongly dependent on the coefficient of rock pressure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.68 no.6
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• pp.747-760
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• 2018

In the present study, a methodology for developing fragilities of arch concrete dams to assess their performance against seismic hazards is introduced. Firstly, the probability risk and fragility curves are presented, followed by implementation and representation of the way this method is used. Amirkabir arch concrete dam was subjected to non-linear dynamic analyses. A modified three dimensional rotating smeared crack model was used to take the nonlinear behavior of mass concrete into account. The proposed model considers major characteristics of mass concrete. These characteristics are pre-softening behavior, softening initiation criteria, fracture energy conservation, suitable damping mechanism and strain rate effect. In the present analysis, complete fluid-structure interaction is included to account for appropriate fluid compressibility and absorptive reservoir boundary conditions. In this study, the Amirkabir arch concrete dam is subjected to a set of 8 three-component earthquakes each scaled to 10 increasing intensity levels. Using proposed nonlinear smeared crack model, nonlinear analysis is performed where the structure is subjected to a large set of scaled and un-scaled ground motions and the maximum responses are extracted for each one and plotted. Based on the results, fragility curves were plotted according to various and possible damages indexes. Discrete damage probabilities were calculated using statistical methods for each considered performance level and incremental nonlinear analysis. Then, fragility curves were constructed based on the lognormal distribution assumption. Two damage indexes were introduced and compared to one another. The results indicate that the dam has a proper stability under earthquake conditions at MCE level. Moreover, displacement damages index is more conservative and impractical in the fragility analysis than tensional damage index.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.457-470
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• 2021

In this study, the pull-out behavior of a tunnel-type anchorage for suspension bridges was investigated using experimental tests and image processing analyses. The study focused on evaluating the initial failure behavior and failure mode of the tunnel-type anchorage. In order to evaluate the failure mode of tunnel-type anchorage, a series of scaled model tests were conducted based on the prototype anchorage of the Ulsan Grand Bridge. In the model tests, the anchorage body and surrounding rocks were fabricated using a gypsum mixture. The pull-out behavior was investigated under plane strain conditions. The results of the model tests demonstrate that the tunnel-type anchorage underwent a wedge-shaped failure. In addition, the failure mode changed according to the differences in the physical properties of the surrounding rock and the anchorage body and the size of the anchor plate. The size of the anchor plate was found to be an important parameter that determines the failure mode. However, the difference in physical properties between the surrounding rock and the anchorage body did not affect its size. In addition, this study analyzed the initial failure behavior of the tunnel-type anchorage through image analysis and confirmed that the failure was sequentially transferred from the inside of the tunnel to the surrounding rock according to the image analysis. The reasonable failure mode for the design of the tunnel-type anchorage should be wedge-type rather than pull-out type.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2011

Along with series of concrete block experiments, a demolition experiment was conducted for a scaled concrete box girder bridge to investigate collapse and blast behavior. Tri nitro toluene (TNT), the standard explosive for strength was adopted as concussion charge. The result show that demolition was caused by not only direct detonation pressures at charging spots but also blast pressures at inner wall of concrete box girder.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.11
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• pp.1602-1607
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• 2014

This paper deals with the design and property analysis of 7kW-class small-scaled superconducting Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM) and testing equipment for a number of performance pre-tests prior to the development of coreless-type superconducting LSM suitable for 600km/h very high speed train. First, the basic design and property analysis are conducted before developing a small-scaled superconducting LSM model with 2-pole superconducting electromagnets, and additionally the cost-down design of the superconducting electromagnets is conducted to use less high-Tc superconducting wire. Finally, the superconducting magnet coil span is selected at 120mm, and input ground armature current of 670Aturns is required to produce 44.7N of thrust based on research findings.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.543-550
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• 2011

The development of railway vehicles such as new mechanism of railway vehicle or design parameters of suspension have been used the application of scaled roller rig to the study of railway vehicle dynamics. In this paper, the critical speed was compared between full scale and 1:5 scale of numerical model. And to verify the simulation results, the critical speed was confirmed using the 1:5 scaled roller rig. According to the results, we expect that the developed roller rig will be used in the study for the dynamic characteristics of railway vehicle.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.425-436
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• 2023

An effective tool for researching actual problems in geotechnical and mining engineering is to conduct physical modeling tests using similar materials. A reliable geometric scaled model test requires selecting similar materials and conducting tests to determine physical properties such as the mixing ratio of the mixed materials. In this paper, a method is proposed to determine similar materials that can reproduce target properties using a polynomial model based on experimental results on modeling materials using a gypsum-sand mixture (GSM) to simulate rocks. To that end, a database is prepared using the unconfined compressive strength, elastic modulus, and density of 459 GSM samples as output parameters and the weight ratio of the mixing materials as input parameters. Further, a model that can predict the physical properties of the GSM using this database and a polynomial approach is proposed. The performance of the developed method is evaluated by comparing the predicted and observed values; the results demonstrate that the proposed polynomial model can predict the physical properties of the GSM with high accuracy. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that the gypsum-water ratio significantly affects the prediction of the physical properties of the GSM. The proposed polynomial model is used as a powerful tool to simplify the process of determining similar materials for rocks and conduct highly reliable experiments in a physical modeling test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.145-150
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• 1998

8$\times$8 bit scaled SONOSFET NAND type flash EEPROM that shows better characteristics on cell density and endurance than NOR type have been designed and its electrical characteristics are verified with computer aided simulation. For the simulation, the spice model parameter was extracted from the sealed down SONOSFET that was fabricated by $1.5mutextrm{m}$ topological design rule. To improve the endurance of the device, the EEPROM design to have modified Fowler-Nordheim tunneling through the whole channel area in Write/Erase operation. As a result, it operates Write/Erase operation at low current, and has been proven Its good endurance. The NAND type flash EEPROM, which has upper limit of V$_{th}$, has the upper limit of V$_{th}$ as 4.5V. It is better than that of floating gate as 4V. And a EEPROM using the SONOSFET without scaling (65$\AA$-l65$\AA$-35$\AA$), was also designed and its characteristics have been compared. It has more possibliity of error from the V$_{th}$ upper limit as 4V, and takes more time for Read operation due to low current. As a consequence, it is proven that scaled down SONOSFET is more pertinent than existing floating gate or SONOSFET without scaling for the NAND type flash EEPROM.EPROM.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

The recent spread of scaled telemanipulation into microsurgery and the nano-world increasingly requires the identification of the possible operation region as a main system specification. A teleoperation system is a complex cascaded system since the human operator, master, slave, and communication are involved bilaterally. Hence, a small time delay inside a master and slave system can be critical to the overall system stability even without communication time delay. In this paper we derive an upper bound of the scaling product of position and force by using Llewellyns unconditional stability. This bound can be used for checking the validity of the designed bilateral controller. Time delay from the sample and hold of computer control and its effects on stability of scaled teleoperation are modeled and simulated based on the transfer function of the teleoperation system. The feasible operation region in terms of position and force scaling decreases sharply as the sampling rate decreases and time delays inside the master and slave increase.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.305-314
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• 2021

In order to reduce enormous cost of real-scale underwater explosion experiments on ships, the mechanical response of the ships have been analyzed by combining scaled-down experiments and Hopkinson's scaling law. However, the Hopkinson's scaling law is applicable only if all variables vary in an identical ratio; for example, thickness of ship, size of explosive, and distance between the explosive and the ship should vary with same ratio. Unfortunately, it is infeasible to meet such uniform scaling requirement because of environmental conditions and limitations in manufacturing scaled model systems. For the facile application of the scaling analysis, we propose a generalized scaling law that is applicable for non-uniform scaling cases in which different parts of the experiments are scaled in different ratios compared to the real-scale experiments. In order to establish such a generalized scaling law, we conducted a parametric study based on numerical simulations, and validated it with experiments and simulations. This study confirms that the initial peak value of response variables in a real-scale experiment can be predicted even when we perform a scaled experiment composed of different scaling ratios for each experimental variable.