• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2006

For the direct understanding of flow, pathway data are usually represented as directed graphs in biological journals and texts. Databases of metabolic pathways or signal transduction pathways inevitably contain these kinds of graphs to show the flow. KEGG, one of the representative pathway databases, uses the manually drawn figure which can not be easily maintained. Graph layout algorithms are applied for visualizing metabolic pathways in some databases, such as EcoCyc. Although these can express any changes of data in the real time, it exponentially increases the edge crossings according to the increase of nodes. For the understanding of genome scale flow of metabolism, it is very important to reduce the unnecessary edge crossings which exist in the automatic graph layout. We propose a metabolic pathway drawing algorithm for reducing the number of edge crossings by considering the fact that metabolic pathway graph is scale-free network. The experimental results show that the number of edge crossings is reduced about $37{\sim}40%$ by the consideration of scale-free network in contrast with non-considering scale-free network. And also we found that the increase of nodes do not always mean that there is an increase of edge crossings.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2006

A new last design approach based on the Limb line FFD (LFFD) and Scale factor FFD (SFFD) is presented in this paper. The proposed last design method utilizes the dynamic trimmed parametric patches for the measured foot 3D data and last 3D data. Furthermore, the proposed last data generation system utilizes cross sectional data extracted obtained from the measured 3D foot data. First, the last design rule of the LFFD is constructed on the FFD lattice based on foot last shape analysis. Secondly, SFFD is constructed on the LFFD new lattice based on scale factor deformation. The scale factor is constructed on the boundary edges of polygonized patch and the cross section last data boundary edge of the polygon object. Suppose the two boundary curves have been preprocessed so that they run in the same direction and they forms the SF(Scale Factor). In addition, the control points of FFD lattice are derived with cross. sectional data interpolation methods from a finite set of 3D foot data.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.83-105
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• 2013

In this paper, a multi-scale meshfree-enriched finite element formulation is presented for the analysis of acoustic wave propagation problem. The scale splitting in this formulation is based on the Variational Multi-scale (VMS) method. While the standard finite element polynomials are used to represent the coarse scales, the approximation of fine-scale solution is defined globally using the meshfree enrichments generated from the Generalized Meshfree (GMF) approximation. The resultant fine-scale approximations satisfy the homogenous Dirichlet boundary conditions and behave as the "global residual-free" bubbles for the enrichments in the oscillatory type of Helmholtz solutions. Numerical examples in one dimension and two dimensional cases are analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy of the present formulation and comparison is made to the analytical and two finite element solutions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2017

In this paper, using consistent couple stress theory and Hamilton's principle, the free vibration analysis of Euler-Bernoulli nano-beams made of bi-directional functionally graded materials (BDFGMs) with small scale effects are investigated. To the best of the researchers' knowledge, in the literature, there is no study carried out into consistent couple-stress theory for free vibration analysis of BDFGM nanostructures with arbitrary functions. In addition, in order to obtain small scale effects, the consistent couple-stress theory is also applied. These models can degenerate into the classical models if the material length scale parameter is taken to be zero. In this theory, the couple-tensor is skew-symmetric by adopting the skew-symmetric part of the rotation gradients as the curvature tensor. The material properties except Poisson's ratio are assumed to be graded in both axial and thickness directions, which it can vary according to an arbitrary function. The governing equations are obtained using the concept of Hamilton principle. Generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) is used to solve the governing equations for various boundary conditions to obtain the natural frequencies of BDFG nano-beam. At the end, some numerical results are presented to study the effects of material length scale parameter, and inhomogeneity constant on natural frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.61-80
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• 1988

For testing homogeneity of scale parameters aginst ordered alternatives, some nonparametric test statistics based on pairwise ranking method are proposed. The proposed tests are distribution-free. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed statistcs are also investigated. It is shown that the Pitman efficiencies of the proposed rank tests are the same as those of the corresponding two-sample rank tests in the scale problem. A small-sample Monte Carlo study is also performed. The results show that the proposed tests are robust and efficient.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2008

유비쿼터스 네트워크 환경은 사람 주변의 모든 기기가 하나의 네트워크로 연결되어 끊김없이 정보를 주고받으며 통신을 가능하게 해주는 전자공간과 실제 공간의 융합이다. 유비쿼터스 환경을 구현하기 위해서는 다양한 기기들이 통신을 위한 규격을 맞추어야 한다. 그러나 각 기기들의 규격을 맞추고 늘어나는 트래픽에 대비하는 일은 유지보수 등에 있어 매우 어려울뿐더러 효율적인 기술을 필요로 한다. 이러한 유비쿼터스 환경의 구현을 위해 다양한 주변 기기들과의 통신 연결을 위한 기술로 WiMedia Alliance가 있다. 본 논문에서는 Scale-free uPAN 시스템의 일부인 WiMedia 브릿지 기술 구현을 위한 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 기법은, 패킷 변환 및 브릿지 기법을 추가하여, 통신 기기들 간의 규격 의존 관계에서 발생하는 비용을 최소화 할 수 있다. 본 논문의 실험 결과를 통하여, 제안한 기법이 시간 및 에너지 상으로 보다 효율적임을 보인다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.3984-3996
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• 2014

Mobile social network can be seen as a specific application of the DTN (Delay Tolerant Network), in which the information propagation can be impacted by many social behaviors of the nodes. For a specific node, its social behaviors are various. For example, the node may not be interested in the information before receiving it and may also discard the information after getting it. On the other hand, people are more willing to forward the message to his friends. These interactive behaviors between nodes can be seen as social behaviors. It is easy to see that the impact of the social behaviors is related to the social ties, which can be manifested by the structure of the social network. State of the art works often simply assumes that the social networks can be divided into some communities. At present, some works find that the structure of some social networks is scale-free. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a theoretical model to evaluate the impact of above social behaviors in the DTN-like scale-free network. Simulation shows the accuracy of the model. Numerical results show that both social behaviors and scale-free character have significant impact on information propagation. Moreover, the impact of social behaviors is related to the scale-free character of the networks.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.914-924
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 소셜 네트워크를 생성 할 수 있는 인공적인 네트워크 발생 모델을 제안 하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 발생 모델은 온라인 소셜 네트워크의 특징인 Small-World 성질과 Scale-Free 성질을 단순하게 표현하는 것에서 벗어나 모델의 두 파라메터를 적절히 조절함으로서 사용자가 원하는 다양한 위상 특성치 값들을 나타내 줄 수 있도록 하였다. 이를 위해 Preferential Attachment의 세기를 조정 할 수 있도록 파라메터 K와 군집화 계수를 적절하게 조정 할 수 있도록 파라메터 P를 도입하였다. K가 0에서 10 그리고 P가 0.3에서 0.5 사이의 조합이나 K = 0과 P = 0.9를 이용하면 소셜 네트워크의 위상적 성질을 보유하는 인공적인 네트워크를 생성할 수 있다. 이 조합 하에서는 Small-World 성질과 Scale-Free 성질이 잘 나타난다. 노드차수 분포는 Power-Law를 따른다. 또한 군집화 계수 0.130 ~ 0.238, 평균 최단거리 5.641 ~ 5.985로 나타났다. 또한 네트워크의 크기를 노드 5,000개에서 10,000개로 증가시켜도 소셜 네트워크 성질을 그대로 유지하는 것으로 나타났다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1238-1259
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• 2019

Saving energy is a big challenge for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which becomes even more critical in large-scale WSNs. Most energy waste is communication related, such as collision, overhearing and idle listening, so the schedule-based access which can avoid these wastes is preferred for WSNs. On the other hand, clustering technique is considered as the most promising solution for topology management in WSNs. Hence, providing interference-free clustering is vital for WSNs, especially for large-scale WSNs. However, schedule management in cluster-based networks is never a trivial work, since it requires inter-cluster cooperation. In this paper, we propose a clustering method, called Interference-Free Clustering Protocol (IFCP), to partition a WSN into interference-free clusters, making timeslot management much easier to achieve. Moreover, we model the clustering problem as a multi-objective optimization issue and use non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II to solve it. Our proposal is finally compared with two adaptive clustering methods, HEED-CSMA and HEED-BMA, demonstrating that it achieves the good performance in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.2682-2695
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• 2021

This paper aims to evaluate the structural dynamic responses and damage/failure of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant under the free drop impact of spent fuel cask (SFC) and fuel assembly (FA) during the on-site transportation. At the present Part I of this paper, the large-scale SFC model free drop test and the corresponding numerical simulations are performed. Firstly, a composite target which is composed of the protective structure, i.e., a thin RC plate (representing the inverted U-shaped slab in the loading shaft) and/or an autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks sacrificial layer, as well as a thick RC plate (representing the bottom slab in the loading shaft) is designed and fabricated. Then, based on the large dropping tower, the free drop test of large-scale SFC model with the mass of 3 t is carried out from the height of 7 m-11 m. It indicates that the bottom slab in the loading shaft could not resist the free drop impact of SFC. The composite protective structure can effectively reduce the damage and vibrations of the bottom slab, and the inverted U-shaped slab could relieve the damage of the AAC blocks layer dramatically. Furthermore, based on the finite element (FE) program LS-DYNA, the corresponding refined numerical simulations are performed. By comparing the experimental and numerical damage and vibration accelerations of the composite structures, the present adopted numerical algorithms, constitutive models and parameters are validated, which will be applied in the further assessment of drop impact effects of full-scale SFC and FA on prototype nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in the next Part II of this paper.