• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The thermal properties including volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and diurnal and annual damping depths of 10 representative soil series of Korea were calculated using some measurable soil parameters based on the Taxonomical Classification of Korean Soils. The heat capacity of soils demonstrated a linear function of water content and ranged from 0.2 to $0.8cal\;cm^{-3}^{\circ}C^{-1}$ for dry and saturated medium-textured soil, respectively. A small increase in water content of the dry soils caused a sharp increase in thermal conductivity. Upon further increases in water content, the conductivity increased ever more gradually and reached to a maximum value at saturation. The transition from low to high thermal conductivity occurred at low water content in the soils with coarse texture, and at high water content in the other textures. Thermal conductivity ranged between $0.37{\times}10^{-3}cal\;cm^{-1}s^{-1}^{\circ}C^{-1}$ for dry (medium-textured) soil and $4.01{\times}10^{-3}cal\;cm^{-1}s^{-1}^{\circ}C^{-1}$ for saturated (medium/coarse-textured) soil. The thermal diffusivity initially increased rapidly with small increases in water content of the soils, and then decreased upon further increases in the soil-water content. Even in an extreme soil with the highest diffusivity value ($1.1{\times}10^{-2}cm^2s^{-1}$), the daily temperature variation did not penetrate below 70 cm soil depth and the yearly variation not below 13.4 m as four times of damping depths.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1571-1577
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• 2013

The effects of irradiance on the growth of toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Masan Bay strain) and Alexandrium catenella (Jinhae Bay strain) were investigated in the laboratory. At $15^{\circ}C$ and 30 psu for A. tamarense and $25^{\circ}C$ and 30 psu for A. catenella, the irradiance-growth curve showed the maximum growth rate (${\mu}_{max}$) of 0.31 $day^{-1}$ with half-saturation photon flux density (PFD) ($K_I$) of 44.53 ${\mu}molm^{-2}s^{-1}$, and a compensation PFD ($I_c$) was 20.67 ${\mu}molm^{-2}s^{-1}$ for A. tamarense, and ${\mu}_{max}$ of 0.38 $day^{-1}$ with $K_I$ of 59.53 ${\mu}molm^{-2}s^{-1}$, and $I_c$ was 40.80 ${\mu}molm^{-2}s^{-1}$ for A. catenella. The $I_c$ equated to a depth of 8~9 m from March to June for A. tamarense and 6~7 m from March to June for A. catenella. These responses suggested that irradiance at the depth near the middle layer in Masan Bay would provide favorable conditions for two species.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2012

Rainfall infiltration test under one dimensional condition is conducted to evaluate the effect of rainfall intensity on seepage velocity and infiltration characteristics for initial unsaturated sediment. Experimental results are compared with those numerical simulations with respect to variations of pore water pressure, degree of saturation and discharge velocity with time, and both results give good agreement. High rainfall intensity tends to increase seepage velocity almost linearly. But it shows rapid increase as rainfall intensity approaches saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sediment. In addition, the upper part of wetting front depth is partially saturated, not fully. Therefore, actual wetting front depth is considered to advance faster than theoretical prediction, which leads to slope instability of unsaturated slope due to surface rainfall.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2006

The effects of light quality and irradiance on the growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides were investigated in the laboratory. At 25°C and 30 psu the irradiance-growth curve was described as μ = 0.34 (I-9.76)/(I+12.5), (r=0.98). This suggests half-saturation photon flux density (PFD) (Ks) of 32.0 μmol photons m–2 s–1, and a compensation PFD (Ic) of 9.76 μmol photons m–2 s–1. Because the Ic equates to a depth of ca. 15.4 m, these responses suggest that irradiance at the depth around and below the thermocline in Yeosuhae Bay would provide favorable conditions for C. polykrikoides. Photoinhibition did not occur at 300 μmol photons m–2 s–1, which was the maximum irradiance used in this study. Blue (450 nm), yellow (590 nm) and red (650 nm) light had different effects on the growth of C. polykrikoides: it grew well under blue light, but not under yellow light. This implies that C. polykrikoides is more likely to cause an outbreak of red tide in the open sea where blue-green wavelengths predominate, rather than in enclosed water bodies where suspended particles absorb most of the blue wavelengths, and yellow-orange wavelengths predominate.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.728-741
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the experience of pursuing complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in breast cancer patients. Methods: Ten women with breast cancer participated in the study. Data were collected through individual in-depth unstructured and individualized interviews with each participant from February to July, 2015. Theoretical sampling was used upto the point of theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed using Corbin & Strauss's grounded theory methodology. Results: Through open coding, 22 sub-categories, and 13 categories were identified. Analysis revealed that the core category was 'endless management of mind and body for healing', which consisted of four phases; exploring, applying, grasping, and integrating. Through this process, the participants utilized various action/interactional strategies such as 'dealing with information', 'trying out blindly', 'enduring volitionally', 'experiencing effects on mind and body,' and 'grasping one's own way.' The consequences of these strategies were integrating the habit of health remedy into one's life, becoming a main agent for change, and tolerating one's weak body. Conclusion: In-depth understanding of the CAM pursuing experiences of patients with breast cancer would guide clinical nurses and policy makers to develop effective interventions and policies for better supporting them with regard to the usage of CAM.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1151-1154
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• 2013

Background: Changes in dietary practices are known to be associated with changes in the health and disease pattern of a population. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the perception of colorectal cancer patients regarding causes of colorectal cancer and the influence of diet. Materials and Methods: Twelve respondents from three major ethnicities in Malaysia were selected from the quantitative study on dietary pattern and colorectal cancer carried out earlier in this study. In-depth interviews (IDI), conducted from April until June 2012, were mainly in the Malay language with additional use of English and continued until the saturation point was reached. All interviews were autorecorded so that verbatim transcriptions could be created. Results: Causes of colorectal cancer were categorized into internal and external factors. The majority of respondents agreed that there is an association between Western foods and colorectal cancer. Malaysian traditional diet was not related to colorectal cancer as less preservative agents were used. Malaysian diet preparation consisting of taste of cooking (spicy, salty and sour foods) plus type of cooking (fry, grilled and smoked) were considered causes of colorectal cancer. All respondents changed their dietary pattern to healthy food after being diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Advice from doctors regarding suitable food for colorectal cancer was useful in this regard. Conclusions: Eating outside, use of food flavoring ingredients and preservative agents were considered to be the main factors causing colorectal cancer. All respondents admitted that they changed to a healthy diet after being diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-107
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• 2016

In this study, the response and behavior of machine foundations resting on dry and saturated sand was investigated experimentally. A physical model was manufactured to simulate steady state harmonic load applied on a footing resting on sandy soil at different operating frequencies. Total of (84) physical models were performed. The parameters that were taken into consideration include loading frequency, size of footing and different soil conditions. The footing parameters are related to the size of the rectangular footing and depth of embedment. Two sizes of rectangular steel model footing were used. The footings were tested by changing all parameters at the surface and at 50 mm depth below model surface. Meanwhile, the investigated parameters of the soil condition include dry and saturated sand for two relative densities; 30 % and 80 %. The dynamic loading was applied at different operating frequencies. The response of the footing was elaborated by measuring the amplitude of displacement using the vibration meter. The response of the soil to dynamic loading includes measuring the stresses inside soil media by using piezoelectric sensors. It was concluded that the final settlement (St) of the foundation increases with increasing the amplitude of dynamic force, operating frequency and degree of saturation. Meanwhile, it decreases with increasing the relative density of sand, modulus of elasticity and embedding inside soils. The maximum displacement amplitude exhibits its maximum value at the resonance frequency, which is found to be about 33.34 to 41.67 Hz. In general, embedment of footing in sandy soils leads to a beneficial reduction in dynamic response (displacement and excess pore water pressure) for all soil types in different percentages accompanied by an increase in soil strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.224-234
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• 2022

This study is conducted to propose an activation plan for fisherinas by analyzing in depth the needs for fisherina development. For this purpose, the result is derived through the analysis of literature, in-depth interviews and Delphi methods. As a result, the need for fisherina development is shown as follows: first, the saturation due to the increase of maritime recreational vessels; second, the possibility of economic development; third, the activation of the fishing village economy. Accordingly, the problems of the fisherina are derived, first, the conflicts with fishermen and recreational vessel users, second, the financial difficulties, third, the lack of infrastructure. The activation plans for fisherinas are as follows: first, forming a consultative body centered on stakeholders; second, ensuring financial soundness; third, building infrastructure by linking businesses; and fourth, systematic supplementary plans. These results will play an important role in expanding the underdeveloped domestic fisherina business and will be another step in activating the maritime leisure industry.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.69-79
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning on awareness of sexual minorities among nursing college students in graduation year. The participants were eight students attending three nursing colleges in Provinces C and K. Data were collected from November 2023 to January 2024. through in-depth interview until data saturation. The collected data were analyzed by applying Colaizzi's phenomenological research method. In this study, four categories and eight theme clusters were generated. The four categories consisted of 'Ambivalence towards sexual minorities', 'Empathy for the sexual minorities' difficult situation', 'Fear of caring for sexual minorities', and 'Preparation for the future as a nurse'. These results will contribute to the qualitative improvement of nursing education by providing the grounds for the effective educational strategy development which improve nursing students' awareness and care of sexual minorities. In-depth studies on various factors affecting awareness of sexual minorities in nursing students and problems are required.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.239-253
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil chemical properties in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : The continuous application of human excrement sludge decreased soil pH up to 4.4~5.0, while other compost treatments increased soil pH compared with control plot. The EC increased initially and showed their maximum values at 20days after compost application, and then decreased up to 40 days, thereafter kept a certain level. The available phosphorous accumulated at 0~20cm depth in loam soil, and 0~50cm in sandy loam soil. Annual accumulation rates were 17% higher in sandy loam soil than loam soil. The more compost application rates and times, the higher base saturation percentage increased in upland soils. Four year's application at a rate of $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ per year increased the base saturation percentage to 87~91% compared with 45% at control plot in the loam soil. While in sandy loam soil only three year's application of same rate increased the base saturation percentage to 81~92% compared with 30.4% at control plot. The average annual increasing rate of base saturation percentage at the same application rates of composts were higher in sandy loam soil by 2.0~3.7 times than in loam soil. The application of compost increased the exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K contents of soils by 2, 2~3, and 3~5 times, respectively, compared with the control. The contents of exchangeable canons were high in surface soil. and decreased with increase of soil depths. In the case of heavy metal content, there were no difference at the application of PMC and CMC but Ni. Fe, Zn, Cu was increased a little when the HES applied, and Ni and Cr was increased application with FISC.