• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.392-400
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• 2002

We have previously found that the saponins but not other components in the ginseng reduce the secretion of catecholamines (CAs) from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, a model of sympathetic nerves, evoked by acetylcholine (ACh) due to the blockade of $Na^+$ influx through nicotinic ACh receptor-operated cation channels, and it has been concluded that the inhibitory effect may be associated with the anti-stress action of ginseng. However, the saponins, which showed the great reduction of the CA secretion, were mainly the protopanaxiatriols. The protopanaxadiol and oleanolic acid saponins had a little or little such effect. Recent studies demonstrated that the oligosaccharides connected to the hydroxyl groups of the aglycones of the saponins are in turn hydrolyzed by gastric acid and enzymes in the intestinal bacteria when the ginseng is orally administrated. In this study, the effects of their major 6 kinds of metabolites on the secretion of CAs were investigated. All metabolites (M1, 2, 3 and 5 derived from the protopanaxadiols, and M4 and 11 from the protopanaxiatriols) reduced the ACh-evoked secretion from the cells. In the metabolites, the M4 inhibition was the most potent ($IC_{50}({\mu}M):M4(9)$ < M2 (18) < M3 (19) < M1l (22) < M5 (36) < MI (38)). Although M4 also reduced the CA secretion induced by high $K^+$, a stimulation activating voltage-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ channels, the inhibitory effect was much less than that on the ACh-evoked secretion. M4 inhibited the ACh-induced $Na^+$ influx into the cells in a concentration-dependent manner similar to that of the inhibition of the ACh-evoked secretion. When the cells were washed by the incubation buffer after the preincubation of the cells with M4 and then incubated without M4 in the presence of ACh, the M4 inhibition was not completely abolished. On the other hand, its inhibition was maintained even by increasing the external ACh concentration. These results indicate that the saponins are metabolized to the more active substances in the digestive tract and the metabolites attenuate the secretion of CAs from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells stimulated by ACh due to the noncompetitive blockade of the ACh-induced $Na^+$ influx into the cells. These findings may further explain the anti-stress action of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 1989

In the presence of a photosensitizer, rose bengal, phooxidatlon in serum total lipids has been studied and the effects of ginseng water extract and saponins on it have reviewed. In the presence of rose bengal, serum total lipids undergo photooxidation and produce lipid hydroperoxides. On the other hand, ginseng water extract and dial saponins largely inhibit photooxidation and decrease the amount of lipid hydroperoxides in serum total lipids.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.143-146
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• 2002

Saponins are glycosidic compounds present in many edible and inedible plants. Structurally, they are composed of a lipid-soluble aglycone consisting of either a sterol or, more commonly, a triterpenoid and water-soluble sugar residues differing in type and amount of sugars ［1］. Because of their amphiphilic nature, they are highly surface-active. Their biological activity is closely related to the chemical structures that determine the polarity, hydrophobicith and acidity of compounds ［1］. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.101-102
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• 1973

Three crude saponins having the same aglycone were isolated from the root of Caltha minor $N_{AKAI}$ which has been known to be of effect as emetics in the folk medicines of Korea. And they were confirmed to their saponoidal properties through the methods of hemolytic test and $L_{IEBERMANN}-B_{UCHARD}$ reaction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 1994

From the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Clematis koreana var. umbrosa, one new triterpenoidal saponin, 3-O-${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl(1-3)-${\alpha}$-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-4)-${\beta}$-glucopyranosyl(1-6)-${\beta}$-glucopyranosyl ESTER, along with five known aromatic compounds and two known triterpenoidal saponins were isolated.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.290-299
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• 1990

Taxonomic relationships between some inulin containing plants such as Platycodon and Codonopsis have been investigated comparing their contents of inulin crystals, resin, as well as TLC patterns of saponins and acetylenes. Although Platycodon and Codonopsis have been known to be close in anatomic characters, the present results showed that there were significant differences between not only in the genus but also in the species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 1986

To investigate the stability of ginseng saponin, various physical and chemical treatments for red ginseng alcohol extract (70% ethyl alcohol) were carried out, and then the variations of ginseng saponin in extract were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Irradiation of ${\gamma}$-ray, and ultraviolet ray, sonocatalysis by ultrasonicator, treatment of electronic range, catalytic ozonation did not or slightly affect degradation of ginseng saponins, but they were degraded by heat treatment.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1212-1214
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• 2014

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.132-141
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• 1987

New triterpenoid saponins, ilexosides A, D, E, J, K and O have been isolated form the root of Ilex pubescens. Chemical and spectroscopic studies have established their structures as shown in formulae 1, 2, 8, 11, 3, 4 and 5.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1557-1561
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• 2008

Red ginseng possibly has new ingredients converted during steaming and dry process from fresh ginseng. Kujeungkupo method which means 9 repetitive steamings and dryings process was used for the production of red ginseng from 6-year old ginseng roots. Saponin was extracted from each red ginseng produced at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th during the steaming and drying treatment, and we analyzed saponin content with TLC. Minor saponins, such as ginsenoside-Rg3, -Rh2, compound K, and F2, increased as the process time of steaming and drying, but major saponins (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -Rg1) were decreased. Major saponins were yet observed almost at the 1st process, then degraded as the increasing time of steaming and drying process. Especially, ginsenoside-Re and -Rg were observed as considerable amount after the 1st treatment, but there were no trace of them after the 9th treatment. Ginsenoside-Rg1, -Rb2, and -Rb1 were also reduced remarkedly by 96.6%, 96%, and 92.3%, respectively. Minor saponins were increased significantly, especially for ginsenoside-Rg3 and ginsenoside-F2. These results suggest that Kujeungkupo method is the very useful method for the production of minor ginsenoside-Rg3 and -Rh2.