• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.157-161
• /
• 1990

We have been isolating various physiologically active substances from non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng. These are adenosine, pyre-glutamic acid, dencichine and acidic polysaccharide. Adenosine and pyre-glutamic acid are known to inhibit epinephrine-induced lipolysis in fat cells and stimulate the insulin-mediated lipogenesis. In addition to these actions, adenosine was found to inhibit both norepinephrine- and histamine-induced aorta constriction, and pyre·glutamic acid inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme. Dencichine stimulated histamine-induced aorta constriction. Finally, acidic polysaccharide was found to inhibit both lipolytic and anorexigenic actions of Toxohormone-L. Based on these experimental results, I presented a briefreview on these compounds isolated from non-saponin fraction of Korea Red Ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 1993

This study was made to understand a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats by determining the activities of several enzymes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as several blood component levels such as glucose and ketone bodies, and non-esterified fatty acids. Albino rats (Sprague Dawley, 170-200g, 3) were injected once with 70mg streptozotocinhg body weight intraperitoneally and fed with ordinary diet for 7 days, and then the fat soluble fraction (5 mg~20 mg/day/rat) was injected intraperitoneally once a day for three days to rats having high blood glucose level over 340 mg/100ml. After a final injection of the fat soluble fraction, rats u.ere starved for 16 hours followed by the analysis of blood serum and liver enzymes. It was found that increased levels of glucose, ketone bodies and free fatty acids in streptozotocin induced rats were decreased appreciably by administration of the fat soluble fraction. However, the amount of administered fat soluble fraction did not show any significantly different hypoglycemic action. Decreased activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of the liver of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were greatly modified suggesting that a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction was also appreciable as ginseng saponin fraction. We also compared a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction prepared from American ginseng and Chinese ginseng with that of Korean pain ginseng. 핀o significant difference of the hypoglycemic activity was observed between the above ginseng fat soluble fractions, suggesting that a study of the fat soluble fraction might be one of the most interesting subjects relating to diabetic hyperglycemia in the near future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.7
• /
• pp.1127-1133
• /
• 2007

Antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Red Ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer, family Araliaceae), major component of which is ginsenoside Rg3, and Bifidodoterium-fermented RG (FRG), major component of which is ginsenoside Rh2, were investigated. Orally administered RG and FRG potently reduced the serum triglyceride levels in com-oil-induced hypertriglycemidemic mice as well as total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Of the saponin and polysaccharide fractions of RG and FRG, the polysaccharide fraction inhibited postprandial blood glucose elevation of maltose- or starch-loaded mice and reduced the blood triglyceride levels in com-oil-induced hypertriglycemidemic mice. The saponin fraction and its ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 reduced blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in Triton WR1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. The inhibitory effect of FRG and its main constituents against hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in mice were more potent than those of RG. These findings suggest that hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of RG can be enforced by Bifidus fermentation and FRG may improve hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1987.06a
• /
• pp.47-58
• /
• 1987

Ethanol exerts different effects on hepatic cellular metabolism, depending mainly on the duration of its intake. In the presence of ethanol following an acute load, a number of hepatic functions are inhibited, including lipid oxidation and microsomal drug metabolism. In its early stages, chronic ethanol consumption produces adaptive metabolic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum which result in increased metabolism of ethanol and drugs and accelerated lipoprotein production. Prolongation of ethanol intake may result in injurious hepatic lesions such as alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis A number of such metabolic effects of ethanol are directly linked to the two major products of its oxidation; hydrogen and acetaldehyde. The excess hydrogen from ethanol unbalances the liver cell's chemistry. In the presence of excess hydrogen ions the process is turned in a different direction. In this study, it was attempted to observe the effect of ginseng saponins on alcohol Oehydrogenase(ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS) in vivo as well as in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of ginseng saponin on the hydrogen balance in the liver and the hepatic cellular distribution of (1-14C) ethanol, its incorporation into acetaldehyde and lipids was also investigated. It seemed that ginseng saponin stimulated the above enzymes and other related enzymes in ethanol metabolism, resulting in a rapid removal of acetaldehyde and excess hydrogen from the animal body,

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 1979

Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer which has been known for more than 2000 years, occupies a particular place in folk medicine as so called tonic remedy. The brief pharmacological action of Ginseng complied from the numerous reports can be summarized as adaptogenic effect to be increased nonspecific resistance. Among the various components of Ginseng, the effective components has been known Ginseng butanol fraction as so called Ginseng saponin. In order to study on the effect of the Ginseng butanol fraction which influences spontaneous activity by CNS drugs in mice. Experiment of response was measured the change of spontaneous activity by CNS drugs in which mice were treated Ginseng butanol fraction. A method of measuring spontaneous activity in mice used by counting the number of times which were interrupted a beam of light. Results of experiment can be summarized as follows: 1. In case of administrating Ginseng butanol fraction for 1 day, stimulating effect of Ginseng was observed in spontaneous activity by caffeine in comparison with the control. at the first, but after 45 minutes no significant change was observed. 2. In case of administrating Ginseng butanol, fraction for 5days, decreasing tendency was observed in spontaneous activity by caffeine. 3. In case of administrating Ginseng butanol fraction for 10days, marked decrease was observed in spontaneous activity by caffeine in comparison with the control. From the experiment on the increased dose of caffeine, nonsignificant change was observed in comparison with caffeine and sodium benzoate 25mg/kg group. 4. A state of increased resistance was lasted until 5 days, and after 10 days it was disappeared. 5. Otherwise, nonsignificant change was observed for chlorpromazin HCl in comparison with the control. 6. From this result, 10 days administrating of ginseng butanol fraction appeared to have increased resistance in mice against caffeine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.114-120
• /
• 1988

We have studied the mechanism by examining the effect of ginseng on the epoxide hydrolase which is catabolized the reactive intermetabolite of bromobenzene, and bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity. It was observed that ginseng saponin fraction protects against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in mice as evidenced 1. increased the epoxide hydrolase activity, 2. lower serum transaminase activity, 3. decreased the formation of lipid peroxide. These results suggested that the inducing effect of ginseng on the epoxide hydrolase is believed to be a possible detoxication mechanism for the bromobenzene toxicity in mice.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 2002

To follow the metabolic fate of aglycone of ginseng saponins,in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. Incubation of 20(S)-prtopanaxatriol (1) with rat liver S9 fraction afforded unique ocotillol derivatives, 20, 24-epoxysides (3 and 4). Also 20(S)-prtopanaxadiol (2) gave the corresponding epoxides (5). Healthy volunteers were taken with Sanchi Ginseng, which contains protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol saponins and no ocotillol saponins. From the alkaline hydrolysate of the urine samples of these volunteers,3 was detected as well as 1, and the ratio of 3/1 increased up to 2.0 at the maximum at 50 hrs. Biochemical significance of the ocotillol derivatives is discussed, since the main bioactive saponin in Panax vietnamensis is an ocotillol-type saponin, majonoside R2 (7).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.32-38
• /
• 1994

Male rats aged 15 months, which had been over-trained with 12 arm radial maze up to the criterion of 1 or 2 errors an average per trial, were divided into two groups and 7 months after the over-training and were studied the effect of red ginseng trial saponin fraction (PT) on the spatial memory function. The rats which could be improved the performance of 9.75$\pm$1.26 (within 185$\pm$8.2 1 sec) were classified into "normal group" (n=4) and the ones, which showed R-maze performance of 7.0$\pm$2.87 within 300 sec, "deteriorated memory group" (n=5). PT was dissolved in distilled water and injected into the deteriorated memory group intraperitoneally at 30 min before R-maze for 3 consecutive days. The injected amount of PT on the 1st day was 10mg/rat, 1mg/rat both on the 2nd the 3rd day. As results, the performance was restored to 9.4$\pm$2.0 after stopping ginseng administration, although the lower performance values (1.4$\pm$0.89, 2.8$\pm$0.83, 3.8$\pm$0.84, respectively) were exerted during the three days of PT administration than before PT administration (7.0$\pm$2.87) since 1 day after administratitan of PT. The restored performance values were continuously maintained up to the level of the "normal group". However, any lower performance values were not observed when PT was administered via intraperitoneal route to the normal group in about of 2 mg/rat except 10mg1ra1. The number of errors when the foods in arms were put at only 6 places was clearly reduced during the 9 days of consecutive administration of PT as compared with untreated control. These results indicated that PT administration may enhance their cognitive function after a long lapse of time not only in the memory deteriorated rats but also in normal ones. The reason exerted lower performance values during PT administration in this paper was discussed as compared with the results of T-maze behavior of another 3-month-aged rats. of another 3-month-aged rats.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.382-390
• /
• 2020

This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) against several foodborne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial effect was determined by agar diffusion method using red ginseng extract, crude saponin and non-water-soluble fractions. Red ginseng extract showed antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, but not C. albicans or A. niger. The extract showed anti-bacterial activity at concentration above 30% against S. aureus, which cause both food poisoning and atophic dermatitis. Crude saponin showed antibacterial activity above 7.5% against the bacterium. However, the ginsenosides purified from crude saponin showed no antimicrobial activities at 100-200 ㎍/mL. To investigate the mode of growth inhibition, red ginseng extract and crude saponin were added to 0.85% NaCl solution containing S. aureus and then incubated at 35℃ for 12 h. The results showed that viable cells were rapidly reduced in above 10% concentration of red ginseng extract and above 2% of crude saponin, respectively. However, the crude saponin and red ginseng extract did not inhibit the bacterial cells completely at those same concentrations. On the other hand, whereas all non-water-soluble fractions showed inhibition zones above 10 mm against S. aureus, they showed no inhibition effects against E. coli, C. albicans or A. niger. The methanol fraction-1 (MF-1) showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) was 0.625 mg/mL. These results suggest that red ginseng extract, crude saponin and non-water-soluble fractions show selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and non-water-soluble fractions might be used as natural antibacterial agents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 1993

We attempted in this study to understand the hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats, through its actions on several enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism of the 1eve1 to compare with those of ginsenosides in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats. It was realized that the increased level of glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol in blood was significantly decreased and the decreased liver glycogen content of streptozotocin injected rats were appreciably moderated by intraperitoneal injection of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots as shown in the saponin injected diabetic rats. The deceased activities of liver enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism such as phosphofructokinase, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were also sufficiently modified by the intraperitoneal injection of the above fat soluble fraction as shown in the ginsenoside injected streptozotocin induced rats.