• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2004년도 International Conference Global Environmental Problems and their Health Consequences
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• pp.92-106
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• 2004

Elemental dry deposition fluxes were measured using dry deposition plates from March to June 1998 in Seoul, Korea. During this spring sampling period several yellow sand events characterized by long-range transport from China and Mongolia impacted the area. Understanding the impact of yellow-sand events on atmospheric dry deposition is critical to managing the heavy metal levels in the environment in Korea. In this study, the measured flux of a primarily crustal metal, Al and an anthropogenic metal, Pb was used with two hybrid receptor models, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and residence time weighted concentration (RTWC) for locating sources of heavy metals associated with atmospheric dry deposition fluxes during the yellow-sand events in Seoul, Korea. The PSCF using a criterion value of the 75th percentile of the measured dry deposition fluxes and RTWC results using the measured elemental dry deposition fluxes agreed well and consistently showed that there were large potential source areas in the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia and industrial areas near Tianjin, Tangshan, and Shenyang in China. Major industrial areas of Shenyang, Fushun, and Anshan, the Central China loess plateau, the Gobi Desert, and the Alaskan semi-desert in China were identified to be major source areas for the measured Pb flux in Seoul, Korea. For Al, the main industrial areas of Tangshan, Tianjin and Beijing, the Gobi Desert, the Alashan semi-desert, and the Central China loess plateau were found to be the major source areas. These results indicate that both anthropogenic sources such as industrial areas and natural sources such as deserts contribute to the high dry deposition fluxes of both Pb and Al in Seoul, Korea during yellow-sand events. RTWC resolved several high potential source areas. Modeling results indicated that the long-range transport of Al and Pb from China during yellow-sand events as well as non yellow-sand spring daytimes increased atmospheric dry deposition of heavy metals in Korea.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.404-412
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• 2005

The surface energy budget depends on many factors, such as the type of surface, the soil moisture and the vegetation canopy, the geographical location, daily, monthly and seasonal variations, and weather conditions. In the coastal region, the surface is not homogeneous at various scales for instance water, sand, mud, tall grass, and crops. The energy balance over the vegetation canopy was analyzed with the optical energy balance measuring system. The latent heat flux was more intensive than the sensible heat flux. The sensible heat flux was very small in summer due to the canopy effect and higher in spring and autumn. In summer the development of the atmospheric boundary depended on rather the vertical shear of wind than the sensible heat flux.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.587-590
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• 2000

The new core making method economized on core sand requested. The new method is heating core box until it reaches reasonable temperature and then spraying core sand with core binder into core box. Inner temperature distribution have to uniform in order to form core of uniform thickness. Therefore, in this study we treat of inner temperature distribution of core box in priority. First, determine proper torch number. Next, optimize the torch position to minimize the average of absolute deviation(AVEDEV) of inner temperature. The results are as followed : 1. The torch number that makes inner temperature distribution about $300^\circ{C}$ uniformly is 25. 2. When $S_H$ and $S_V$ is 0.7, the torch position is optimized and AVEDEV is 5.85.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 1998

The atmospheric deposition flux was measured with dustfall from July of 1997 to July of 1998 at nine sampling sites located in Tae-an peninsula to examine the seasonal variations. The results showed that the average dry deposition was higher in spring than the other seasons. Thus, it is considered that yellow sand is one major source of the additional deposition flux in spring. There also appeared the higher measurement of deposition at the sites nearby road (like Hagampo, Bangali and Sinduri) in summer, and it is assumed that the heavy traffic caused by summer visitors was the main factor of that. For more accurate study, the qualitiative analysis should be taken on the deposited materials.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2004년도 Workshop
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• pp.57-68
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• 2004

A demonstrative operation of a membrane system with its caparity of 3,600m$^3$/d was carried out using reservoir water as raw water for the application of membrane filtration system to drinking water treatment. The operation was undertaken at a constant flux of 0.9 m$^3$/m$^2$/d for three months. Backwashing with NaClO of 3 ppm was allowed for 30 seconds every 20 minutes of filtration. Physical cleaning was introduced after 69 times of filtration/backwashing cycle with air-scrubbing and backwashing for 1 minute, and flushing for 2 minutes. In this study, water treatment performance was investigated compared with the existing rapid sand filtration process. The membrane system was operated with no significant problems during the test period. Higher water quality was obtained in the membrane filtration than in the rapid sand filtration in terms of particulate matters such as turbidity and microbes. Although the finished water of the membrane filtration contained slightly higher concentration in dissolved matters than that of the conventional one, it met the drinking water standard. The demonstrative operation showed that membrane filtration has a reliability in drinking water treatment. Researches should be needed on cost analysis through long-term operation and optimization of operation condition for further application.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.877-882
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• 2013

최근 음용수를 위한 UF, MF 막의 적용이 증가하고 있다. UF/MF 막은 재래식 수처리 공정에 비하여 원수 수질 변화에도 안정적인 운전이 가능하고 부지 면적이 작으며 자동화 운전이 가능하다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 현재 대부분의 UF/MF 막시설은 고분자 막을 사용하고 있다. 최근 세라믹 막은 고분자막에 비하여 경쟁력이 있다고 알려지고 있다. 세라믹 막은 높은 투과유량과 약품세정 빈도가 작으며 막의 수명 또한 길어 최근 적용 사례가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 MF 세라믹 막 pilot plant를 완속모래여과 정수장에 적용하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 세라믹 Pilot plant는 3개의 계열이 있으며, 각 계열별로 원수와 모래 여과수를 막의 유입수로 각각 사용하였다. 또한 세라믹 막 공정의 최적화를 위하여 전처리 응집공정으로서 PACl 응집제를 사용하였다. 그리고 화학세정(Chemical Enhanced Backwashing, CEB)은 황산 (500 mg/L)과 차아염소산 (200 mg/L)을 1.5일에 1번씩 모든 계열에 주입하여 이루어졌다. 본 연구 결과 세라믹 막 공정의 전처리 응집공정에서 최적의 응집제 사용은 막의 유입수로 원수와 모래 여과수에 대한 막의 flux를 크게 증가시켰다. 또한 본 연구에서 사용된 최적 응집제 주입량에서 차압상승률은 원수(25 mg/L)의 경우 2.173 kPa/cycle이며, 모래 여과수(5 mg/L)의 경우 0.301 kPa/cycle으로 나타났다.

• 분석과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.275-282
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• 1993

지르콘사 광물에서 지르코니아를 회수하기 위하여 지르콘사를 분해 반응시킨 소성산물 중의 $SiO_2$와 $ZrO_2$를 DC arc source를 이용한 직독식 분광기로 동시 분석하였다. 순수한 금속산화물을 혼합하여 합성표준시료를 만들고 완충제(흑연)와 융제($Li_2B_4O_7$)의 혼합비를 조절하면서 최적의 들뜸조건을 선정하였다. 완충제와 흑연의 비를 0.22:1로 하고 시료와의 혼합비를 40배로 하였을 때 가장 좋은 들뜸조건을 얻을 수 있었다. 분석 결과의 표준편차는 $SiO_2$는 1.3%, $ZrO_2$는 4.9%였다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2000

1999년 4월, 8월과 11월에 금강 하구역 갯벌 세 지점에서 채니된 퇴적물 표층 5 cm을 입도 조성 분석한 결과 모래와 자갈 성분이 1.18 %, 모래 성분이 29.34 %, 점토 성분이 69.49 %였다. 퇴적물의 IL은 6.7 %, ORP는 -12 mV으로 약간의 환원상태를 보이고 있었다. 퇴적물 중 H₂S 농도는 평균 0.25 mg/gㆍdry으로 측정되었다 금강 하구 갯벌 퇴적물에서의 탈질산화는 4월에 0.186 m mole N₂/m²ㆍday, 8월에 0.192 m mole N₂/m²ㆍday, 11월에 91.3 m mol N₂/m²ㆍday으로 3회 평균 30.6 m mole N²/m²ㆍday였다. 퇴적물과 수층간의 NH₄/sup +/-N의 플럭스는 4월에 -0.37 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 8월에 34.0 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 11월에 0.10 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 평가되어 평균적으로 11.2 m mole N/m²ㆍday였다. 한편, 퇴적물과 수층간의 NO²/sup -/-N+ NO₃/sup -/-N의 플럭스는 4월에 0.314 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 8월에 0.524 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 11월에 -4.12 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 측정되어 평균 -1.09 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 측정되어졌다. 암모니아질소와 아질산질소 및 질산질소의 플럭스로부터 계산한 용존무기질소 (DIN)의 플럭스는 10.2 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 평가되었다. 이와 같은 금강하구역 갯벌에서의 용존성무기질소의 플럭스와 탈질산화는 이 해역의 질소수지와 1차 생산에 중요한 영향을 끼칠 것으로 추정되었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.233-243
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• 2018

In this manuscript, $35m^3/d$ NF unit was designed and applied for surface water treatment of the River Nile water. Intake of Embaba drinking water treatment plant was selected to install that unit at since; it has the lowest water quality index value through the examined 6 sites in greater Cairo area. The optimized operating conditions were feed and permeate flow, 40 and $7m^3/d$, feed pressure 2.68 bar and flux rate $37.7l/m^2h$. The permeate water was drinkable according to Egyptian Ministerial decree 458/2007 for the tested parameters (physic-chemical, heavy metals, organic, algal, bacteriological and parasitological). Single and double sand filters were used as pretreatment for NF membranes but continuous clogging for sand filters moved us to use UF membrane as pretreatment for NF membrane.

• 생태와환경
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• 제39권3호통권117호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2006

본 연구는 퇴적물의 인 용출을 제어하기 위한 방법으로 모래를 이용한 캡핑을 포설할 경우 두께에 따른 인 용출율 저감 효과를 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 캡핑은 퇴적물의 인이 수체로 용출되는 속도를 저감시키며, 미생물의 기질소모 이하로 그 속도를 낮추면 수체내의 인의 농도를 일정하게 유지할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 모래캡핑의 두께와 용출저감은 선형의 상관관계를 보이며 캡핑 두께가 40 mm에서 80 mm로 두꺼울수록 탈산소계수가 0.311 $day^{-1}$에서 0.262 $day^{-1}$으로 작아지고 있으며, 두께가 증가함에 따라 재폭기 계수는 0.013 $day^{-1}$에서 0.0240 $day^{-1}$으로 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 회귀분석한 결과에 의하면 최소한 20${\sim}$40 mm의 모래캡핑을 실시하더라도 인 용출량을 효율적으로 저감 시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.