• 임상간호연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.399-410
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of blood hemolysis and repeated blood sampling and to identify factors contributing to hemolysis and repeated blood sampling in the emergency department. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Participants were the patients who came to emergency department and are required a blood sampling for electrolyte level. All blood samples were collected by emergency department nurses and determined for hemolysis by experienced laboratory technologists. Data were analyzed using $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney u test and Binary Logistic Regression to determine significant differences. Results: A total of 402 valid samples were collected. Of these, 30 blood samples (7.5%) were found to be hemolyzed and 9 (2.2%) to be recollected. Statistically significant factors affecting on hemolysis and repeated blood sampling included the time of bloods sampling (night), the time of tourniquet application, and too-fast blood draw into the test tube. Conclusion: We recommend that nurses who take the blood sampling to consider the findings of the study and take the related factors into account as they set up the standardized care protocol in order for nursing quality improvement.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 1990년도 추계학술발표회논문집
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• pp.35-40
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• 1990

Temperature distribution of high pressure mercury lamp has been mesured as a function of time using spectroscopic method. Sampling signal which is synchronized by lamp voltage was used to mesure temporal line intensity at each radius. To obtain radial temprature distribution, the mesured intensity was transformed into radial line intensity by Abel's formula. Absolute temperature profile was calculater from relative intensities of spectral lines as a function of line and tube radius. The temperature profile is very similar to the electrical tube current profile.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표대회 개요집
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• pp.117-119
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• 2003

Power plant efficiency and availability depend greatly on condenser performance. However, during commissioning of Yeonggwang #1/2 steam condenser sodium leakage occurred, because of tube to tubesheet only roll expanding. Therefore this report is explaining that pre-test for the shake of improvement reliable repair processes & selected sampling tube re-expansion in-situ applications.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Korea. Target compounds included 1,3-butadiene, aromatics such as BTEX, and a number of carbonyl compounds. In this paper, as the first part of the study, the performance of sampling and analytical methods was evaluated for the measurement of selected VOCs and carbonyl compounds in the ambient air. VOCs were determined by the adsorbent tube sampling and automatic thermal desorption coupled with GC/MSD analysis, while carbonyls by the DNPH-silica cartridge sampling with HPLC analysis. The methodology was investigated with a wide range of performance criteria such as repeatability, linearity. lower detection limits, collection efficiency, thermal conditioning, breakthrough volume and calibration methods using internal standards. In addition, the sampling and analytical methods established in this study were applied to real field samples duplicately collected in various ambient environments. Precisions for the duplicate samples appeared to be comparable with the performance criteria recommended by USEPA TO-17. The overall precision of the sampling and analytical methods was estimated to be within 20 ∼ 30% for major aromatic VOCs such as BTEX, whereas the precision for major carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was within 10 ∼ 20% for field samples. This study demonstrated that the adsorbent sampling and thermal desorption method can be reliably applied for the measurement of BTEX in ppb levels frequently occurred in common indoor and ambient environments.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1365-1369
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• 2008

A large diameter sampler (KICT-type large diameter sampler) was developed to take undisturbed samples from not only soft ground but also sandy and weathered ground. The KICT-type large diameter sampler was manufactured with the principle of triple core barrel sampling. In this study, the applicability to offshore ground sampling of the KICT-type large diameter sampler was confirmed at Inchoen Port construction site. And, in order to compare the quality of samples taken by the sampler with that of the traditional piston sampler, a series of laboratory tests were performed. From the test results, the samples taken by the KICT-type large diameter sampler showed higher quality than the traditional thin-walled tube samples.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.398-405
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• 2003

A fast response analyzer for measuring carbon dioxide concentration has been developed for transient characteristic and researches tested on internal combustion engine. The analyzer uses the well known NDIR(Non-Dispersive Infrared) method with miniaturized detection system, giving a time constant of approximately 30 microsecond, and sampling module consists of capillary tube. Since the transit time and the time constant of the sampling system depend on the sampling conditions, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of sampling system before applied to exhaust gas measurement in engine. A unique method was designed to study the influence of the diameter of transfer sample line and operating conditions of the FRNDIR on transit time and time constant. A database of transit time and time constant was built up for different measured and simulated pressure conditions. The database can be used for correcting eventual $CO_2$ concentration measurement.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.126-146
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• 2000

To develop and evaluate formaldehyde measurement method using 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) coated sampler and gas chromatography, laboratory test and field test were conducted. Results of this study are as follows. Limit of detection(LOD) of measurement methods, HPLC-UVD, GC-NPD and GC-FID, is $0.008{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ $0.060{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $0.472{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ respectively. Coefficiency of measurement methods, HPLC-UVD, GC-NPD and GC-FID, is 0.008, 0.009, 0.020 respectively. Desorption efficiency of sep-pak xposure aldehyde sampler and sorbent sample tube is 1.05(range : 0.99 - 1.12), 1.02(range : 0.99 - 1.06) respectively. Samples of sorbent sample tube and sep-pak xposure aldehyde sampler turned out to be stored at refrigerator, according to storage test results. Measurement methods of HPLC-UVD, GC-NPD, GC-FID, according to results of precision for the combined sampling and analytical procedure, became acceptable to OSHA evaluation standard. Field test using exposure chamber met the NIOSH overall uncertainty recommendation(less than 25%). Overall uncertainty of Sepak-HPLC(UVD), Tube-GC(NPD), Tube-GC(FID) is 11.0% - 17.0%. Consequently gas chromatography(GC-NPD, GC-FID) and high performance liquid chromatography(EPA TO-11) using 2,4-DNPH coated sampler for formaldehyde measurement turned out to be suitable to measure personal formaldehyde exposure at workplaces.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.173-186
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• 1999

To utilize diffuse sampling of formaldehyde in air, a new sampler was designed. A glass fiber filter was impegnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNP) and phosphoric acid and mounted 37mm cassette. The formaldehyde vapor was sampled in the dynamic chamber and measured by high performance liquid chromatograph and compared with solid sorbent tube. The results were as follows ; 1. The desorption efficiencies of diffusive sampler between 97.0% and 100%. 2. the sampling rate is constant as in $58{\sim}61.8m{\ell}/min$ when sampling times are between 120 and 360 min. 3. There was a significant relationship between concentrations of diffusive samples and active samples with the coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.92. 4. Desorbed amount of formaldehyde diffusive sampler was increased by high relative humidity. 5. Wheth diffusive samplers were stored at room temperature or at refrigerator there was no statistically significant difference in the accuracy of result. 6. When the diffusive samplers, which collected formaldehyde vapor, were exposed to clean air for three hours, there was no significant loss of formaldehyde due to reverse diffusion. In conclusion, this study suggest that developed diffusive samplers will be a reasonable substitute for the solid sorbent tube for sampling formaldehyde and practical comparative study of developed diffusive sampler should be performed at workplaces of manufacturing industry.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 1994

활성탄관을 이용한 작업환경 공기중 유기용제의 시료채취는 여러 가지 어려운 점이 있으나 확산형 시료포집기는 이러한 점을 보완하는 새로운 포집기이다. 따라서 본 연구는 확산형 시료포집기가 혼합 유기용제를 사용하는 사업장을 대상으로 확산형 포집기와 활성탄관을 이용, 한 근로자에 대하여 동시에 각 1개씩, 총 181개의 시료를 포집하여 활성탄과 어떠한 차이가 있는 가를 확인하며, 고전적인 활성탄관 시료채취법을 대신할 수 있는 가를 확인하기 위하여 시도한 바 몇가지의 결과를 얻어 보고하는 바이다. 1. 활성탄관 시료포집기에 비하여 확산형의 시료포집기는 톨루엔(toluene), 키시렌(xylene) 등의 방향족 화합물은 다소 높은 농도를 나타내나 전반적으로 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 2. 엠이케이(methyl ethyl ketone)와 시크로헥사논(c-hexanone)에 대하여 확산형 포집기는 적어도 저농도(허용농도의 1/8 및 1/10 이하농도)에서 활성탄관에 비하여 약 2배 정도 높게 측정되었다(p<0.01). 그러나 공기중 엠이케이와 시크로헥사논의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 확산형의 포집효율은 활성탄관 보다 적은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 활성탄관의 측정치(B)를 1.00으로 하였을 때 확산형 포집기(A)의 측정치 비(A/B)는 톨루엔의 경우 1.11, 키시렌은 1.07, 엠이케이는 1.63, 시크로헥사논은 3.65배 였다. 4. 활성탄관과 확산형 포집기에서의 측정치 비가 0.75-1.25 범위(${\pm}25%$)에 드는 것은 톨루엔 57%, 키시렌 74%였으며, 엠이케이 34%, 시크로헥사논은 약 32%에 불과하였다. 5. 활성탄관과 확산형 포집기에서의 측정치 간의 각 유기용제 별 상관은 톨루엔 0.963, 키시렌 0.957, 엠이케이 0.943, 시크로헥사논은 0.562로서 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 1998

본 연구는 휘발성 유기 화합물로 오염된 가솔린 지역에서 soil-gas의 분석결과로부터 오염도를 유추하는 기법에 대하여 서술 하였다. Soil-gas의 채취방법으로는 펌프를 이용한 1)grab sampling법과 흡착제 trap을 사용한 2)passive sampling법이 있다. Grab sampling법은 특정시간에 특정장소에서의 오염도를 보여주며, 반면에 passive sampling법은 특정위치에서 시간에 따른 오염도의 변화를 보여 준다. Soil-gas의 분석은 1)PID나 FID와 같은 작은 검지기에 의해서 총괄 탄화수소량을 측정할수도 있고 2)기체농도에 따라서 색깔이 변하는 지시약이 채워진 기체검지기 튜브를 사용할수도 있으며 3)여러가지 화합물을 한 번에 분석할수 있는 이동형 GC를 사용할수도 있다. Soil-gas를 이용한 측정법은 매우 값싸며 세밀한 정밀조사를 하기 위한 전단계에서 사용할 수 있는 유용한 방법으로 추천할만하다 하겠다.