• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.417-422
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) content and to find the best condition for SAM Kimchi during fermentation with the different kinds of raw materials of Kimchi and the diverse ways of making Kimchi. As fermentation was processing, pH of all Kimchi groups dramatically decreases at the beginning stage of experimentation. However, pH value was 4.2-4.3 in the last stage. Titratable acidity tends toward the similar results in pH value. At the first, the SAM content went down time substantially and then increases. Kimchi (A), which was made of the most basic raw materials, resulted in the lowest content of SAM. The most abundant SAM content of Kimchi was the Kimchi made with certain materials. Kimchi (I) had the most has SAM content, overall. The best time of fermentation was when pH was between 4.3 and 5.3, and titratable acidity was 0.5-1.0%. As the results of this study, the highest SAM content in Kimchi could be made when Kimchi was fermented for 9-12 days and titratable acidity showed 0.5-1.0% This study proved that the ratio of raw materials such as red pepper, fermented fished sauces, and other materials improved the levels of SAM in the Kimchi.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.460-468
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• 1992

Several bichemical parameters related to free radicals were estimated in senile-prone (P) and resistant(R) strains of male senescence-accelerated mice(SAM) at 2, 5 and 11 months of age. The superoxide generation was increased with age in SAM-R/1 and SAM-P/2. Compared to SAM-R/1, more generation of superoxide was significantly noted in the SAM-P/2 liver. The activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and catalase were decreased during aging and these activities in SAM-P/2 were significantly lower than in SAM-R/l liver. The activities of glutathione S-transferase were varied with aging, whereas SAM-P/2 showed lower levels compared to SAM-R/l. The gradual decreases of glutathione, protein bound-SH and nonprotein bound-SH contents were noted with increasing age. SAM-P/2 liver contained lesser amounts of glutathione and nonprotein bound-SH compared to SAM-R. In conclusion, superoxide generation was increased whereas the antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased during aging in SAM-R/1. In addition, SAM-P/2 strain showed more superoxide generation and less antioxidant enzyme activities than SAM-R/1 in the liver, thus we assume that these factors might accelerate the senescence of SAM-P/2 strain.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of different soy sauces. The soybean sauces brewed tty the A. oryzae koji(SAO), M. pilosus-1 koji(SMP) and the mixture of 50% M. pilosus-1 koji(SAM) during 90 days fermentation. Total nitrogen contents of the SAM, SAP and SMP were 13.6%, 1.15% and 1.22%, respectively. Content of amino type nitrogen in SAM was 0.78%, and the content was higher than those of SAO and SMP. Total free amino acid contents of SAO, SMP and SAM were 533.8, 732.4 and 807.3 mg/100 mL. The highest contents of free, amino acids were glutamic acid(65.20 mg/100 mL) in SAG, alanine(101.42 mg/100mL) in SMP, glutamic acid(130.52 mg/100 mL) in SAM. The highest activities of pretense and ${\beta}$-amylase showed in SAM, and the lowest activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase and glucoamylase were in SAO and SMP respectively. Hue angle values showed 56.3 in SAO, 29.0 in SMP and 32.2 in SAM. Monacolin K contents, as inhibitor of cholesterol bio-synthesis were 6.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL for SMP and 3.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL for SAM, and the inhibitory activities of SMP ane SAM aginst HMG-CoA reductase were 21.5 md 10.2%, respectively. Sensory scores for color, flavor, savory taste and overall taste of SAM was higher than those of SAO and SMP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1105-1111
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• 2018

The flavin-dependent monooxygenase Sam5 was previously reported to be a bifunctional hydroxylase with coumarate 3-hydroxylase and resveratrol 3'-hydroxylase activities. In this article, we showed the Sam5 enzyme has 3'-hydroxylation activities for methylated resveratrols (pinostilbene and pterostilbene), hydroxylated resveratrol (oxyresveratrol), and glycosylated resveratrol (piceid) as substrates. However, piceid, a glycone-type stilbene used as a substrate for bioconversion experiments with the Sam5 enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli, did not convert to the hydroxylated compound astringin, but it was converted by in vitro enzyme reactions. Finally, we report a novel catalytic activity of Sam5 monooxygenase for the synthesis of piceatannol derivatives, 3'-hydroxylated stilbene compounds. Development of this bioproduction method for the hydroxylation of stilbenes is challenging because of the difficulty in expressing P450-type hydroxylase in E. coli and regiospecific chemical synthesis.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.265-270
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• 2020

We investigated mechanochemical radical, which is concomitant with chemical lift-off lithography(CLL), on the self-assembled monolayer(SAM)/electrodes and a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) using a colorimetric and a spectroscopic method. The 11-mercaptoundecanol(MUO)/Au or the 11-hydroxyundecylphosphonic acid (HUPA)/ITO were contacted with bare or activated PDMS. After contact, the each of SAM/substrates and the PDMS were immersed in a 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenger. The color of the DPPH exposed to the PDMS was changed from purple to yellow and the absorbance decreased definitely at 515 nm wavelength. The SAM/substrates, however, have caused small changes in spectroscopic property, indicating no existence of radical species. We concluded that mechanochemical radicals were formed by homolytic cleavage of PDMS molecules upon external force and hardly transferred on the SAM/substrates.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1997

Physiological effects in SAM P6 and Rl by administration of Cervus cornu, Astragali Radix, Rehmanniae Radix, and Angelicae Radix extracts were screened to know in vivo activities of each extracts. We measured complete blood cells (CBC) such as aBC, HGB, and HCT using coulter's method. Plasma concentrations of albumin, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, urea and total iron ere also analyzed using biochemical clinical autoanalyzer. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, total T$_3$, and total T$_4$ were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay methods. At 12 weeks after birth, Cervus conu or Astragali Radix or Rehmanniae Radix extracts were given 5 g/Kg.day p.o. for 0,7,14,21, and 30 days each in both SAM Rl and SAM P6. Angelicae Radix study was done the same as the others except the mice were 16 weeks after birth. The RBC, HGB, and HCT levels after administration of Astragali and Rehmanniae were elevated in SAM Rl, but those in Cervi study were increased in SAM P6 the most. Decreases in alkaline phosphatase concentration of SAM Rl and P6 after Cervi administration were detected. Total plasma iron concentration was decreased by Angelicae administration in SAM P6. In general, Angelicae and Rehmanniae stimulate increases in cortisol, but total T$_3$ and T$_4$ levels were also elevated by all these extracts. In conclusion, these herval medicine extracts help hematopoiesis in SAMs through probably different mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-377
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• 1996

In previous studies we reported that the levels of RBC, hemoglobulin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) in SAM P6 were increased significantly from 7 day after oral administration of the pilose antler extract, 5 g/kg/day, and were lasted during the study. Thus, this study was performed to elucidate mechanism of erythropoietic action by the extract administration. SAM R1 and SAM P6 were chosen as experimental animals. At age of 12 weeks, pilose antler extract were given 0.3 and 5 g/kg/day (p.o.) each for 0, 7 and 14 days in both animals. Complete blood cells such as RBC, HGB, and HCT were counted. And plasma concentration of erythropoietin (EPO) which is the major regulator of erythropoiesis was measured using $^{125}I-antierythropoietin$ IgG. Total iron concentration in plasma was also analyzed. The levels of RBC and HCT were increased significantly after administration at both doses of 0.3 and 5 g/kg/day in SAM P6, however, these were increased only at dose of 5 g/kg/day in SAM R1. The plasma EPO concentration was increased significantly after administration in SAM P6. The plasma concentrations of total iron were significantly decreased after administration of the extract in SAM P6. These results suggest that the changes in erythropoietic effects after the administration of pilose antler extract may be mediated, at least in part, through the change in the plasma EPO.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Accurate, early identification of acutely malnourished children has the potential to reduce related child morbidity and mortality. The current World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines classify non-oedematous acute malnutrition among children under five using Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) or Weight-for-Height Z-score (WHZ). However, there is ongoing debate regarding the use of current MUAC cut-offs. This study investigates the diagnostic performance of MUAC to identify children aged 6-24 months with global (GAM) or severe acute malnutrition (SAM). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional, secondary data from a community sample of children aged 6-24 months in Niger were used for this study. Children with complete weight, height and MUAC data and without clinical oedema were included. Using WHO guidelines for GAM (WHZ < -2, MUAC < 12.5 cm) and SAM (WHZ < -3, MUAC < 11.5 cm), the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), predictive values, Youden Index and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for MUAC when compared with the WHZ reference criterion. RESULTS: Of 1161 children, 23.3% were diagnosed with GAM using WHZ, and 4.4% with SAM. Using current WHO cut-offs, the Se of MUAC to identify GAM was greater than for SAM (79 vs. 57%), yet the Sp was lower (84 vs. 97%). From inspection of the ROC curve and Youden Index, Se and Sp were maximised for MUAC < 12.5 cm to identify GAM (Se 79%, Sp 84%), and MUAC < 12.0 cm to identify SAM (Se 88%, Sp 81%). CONCLUSIONS: The current MUAC cut-off to identify GAM should continue to be used, but when screening for SAM, a higher cut-off could improve case identification. Community screening for SAM could use MUAC < 12.0 cm followed by appropriate treatment based on either MUAC < 11.5 cm or WHZ < -3, as in current practice. While the practicalities of implementation must be considered, the higher SAM MUAC cut-off would maximise early case-finding of high-risk acutely malnourished children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1226-1233
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• 2011

In neurons, kinesin is the molecular motor that transport cargos along microtubules. KIF5s (alias kinesin-I), are heterotetrameric motor conveying cargos, but the mechanism as to how they recognize and bind to a specific cargos has not yet been completely elucidated. To identify the interaction proteins for KIF5C, yeast two-hybrid screening was performed, and specific interaction with the $\underline{S}$am68-$\underline{l}$ike $\underline{m}$ammalian protein $\underline{2}$ (SLM-2), a member of the $\underline{s}$ignal $\underline{t}$ransducers and $\underline{a}$ctivators of $\underline{R}$NA (STAR) family of RNA processing proteins, was found. SLM-2 bound to the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of KIF5C and to other KIF5 members. The C-terminal domain of Sam68, SLM-1, SLM-2 was essential for interaction with KIF5C in the yeast two-hybrid assay. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-downs showed that SAM68, SLM-1, and SLM-2 specifically interacted to Kinesin-I complex. An antibody to SAM68 specifically co-immunoprecipitated SAM68 associated with KIF5s and coprecipitated with a specific set of mRNA. These results suggest that Kinesin-I motor protein transports RNA-associated protein complex in cells.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.1
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• pp.55-80
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• 1992

In order to examine that the effect of Sam Hwa San, circulating the vital energy of Sam Cho and controlling body fluid metabolism, gives any influence on renal function, changes in the urine flow, eletrolytes excretion, plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity were observed after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract in rabbit. Also in vitro effect of the herb extract on oxygen consumption in renal cortical slices and ATPase activity in kidney microsomes was measured. The following results were obtained : 1. The urine flow was markedly increased at 10 min after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract($0.134{\pm}0.015$ vs. $0.433{\pm}0.046ml/min.kg$), but return ed to normal value after 40 min of infusion. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was significantly increased at 10 min after in travenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, and the renal plasma flow at 10 and 20 min after infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, following return to normal value. 3. $Na^+$ excretion was significantly increased during 10-40 min after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, although showed the maximal rate at 10-20 min. The fractional $Na^+$ excretion was also increased during 10-40 min. $K^+$ excretion was rapidly increased at 10 min after the intravenous Infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract and then gradually decreased to normal level at 40 min. The fractional $K^+$ excretion was significantly increased during 10-40 min after the intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract. 4. The plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity were not altered by the infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract. 5. The ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption of renal cortical slices was significantly reduced by the Sam Hwa San extract(0.5 and 1.0 vol.%). 6. The Na-K-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was strongly inhibited by the Sam Hwa San extract(0.5 and 1.0 vol.%). These results suggest that the Sam Hwa San causes a strong diuretic effect which results from reduction of Na reabsorption in renal tubule by a direct inhibition of Na-pump and, in part, from all increase in renal blood flow. In clinic, it is considered to obtain the therapeutic effect in body fluid metabolism disharmony to cause the circular disorder of vital energy.