• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1456-1462
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• 2009

D-chiro-Inositol, which is the isomer of myo-inositol, is a well known drug for the treatment of type II diabetes. The methylated form of D-chiro-inositol, D-pinitol and D-chiro-inositol are synthesized when the plants are exposed to the abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and low temperature as osmoprotectants. In soybean, myo-inositol is converted to ononitol by O-methyltransferase, and ononitol is converted to D-pinitol by ononitol epimerase and finally converted to D-chiro-inositol by demethylase. However there have been some reports that in buckwheat, myo-inositol can be converted to D-chiro-inositol directly. This study was conducted to determine the changes of soluble cyclitols in buckwheat seedlings after exposure to salt and drought stresses by GC-FID. The results indicated that myo-inositol may be the precursor of D-chiro-inositol biosynthesis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.694-698
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• 2004

A new method for the simultaneous determination of seven transition metal ions in water and food by microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, cobalt, silver and tin ions were pre-column derivatized with tetra-(4-aminophenyl)-porphyrin ($T_4$-APP) to form the colored chelates which were then enriched by solid phase extraction with $C_{18}$ cartridge. The enrichment factor of 50 was achieved by eluted the retained chelates from the cartridge with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The chelates were separated on a ZORBAX Stable Bound microcolumn ($2.0{\times}50\;mm,\;1.8\;{\mu}m$)with methanol-tetrahydrofuran (95 : 5, v/v, containing 0.05 mol/L pyrrolidine-acetic acid buffer salt, pH = 10.0) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and detected with a photodiode array detector from 350-600 nm. The seven chelates were separated completely within 2.0 min. The detection limits of lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, cobalt, silver and tin are 4 ng/L, 3 ng/L, 6 ng/L, 5 ng/L, 5 ng/L, 6 ng/L, 4 ng/L respectively in the original samples. This method was applied to the determination of the seven transition metal in water and food samples with good results.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.488-492
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• 2015

In this study, the effective preparation method of (S)-(+)-pranidipine, the active component of antihypertensive drug as a calcium channel blocker, was developed using optical resolution. The racemic monocarboxylic acid 5 obtained by the hydrolysis of (±)-pranidipine was mixed with optically active quinidine to form salts, and the insoluble diastereomeric salt was collected and successive treatment with base and acid furnished (R)-(-)-carboxylic acid 7. (S)-(+)-Pranidipine was prepared by esterification of this acid with cinnamyl alcohol, and the analysis by chiral HPLC showed 100% enantiomeric excess (ee). This process would be industrially very useful to prepare chiral (S)-(+)-pranidipine, since the use of strong base and anhydrous solvents, and ultra-low temperature condition were excluded in this process.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.3495-3501
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• 2014

A novel crystal, the mono-protonated metformin acetate (1), was obtained and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. It was found that one of the imino group in the metformin cation was protonated along with the proton transfer from the secondary amino group to the other imino group. Its crystal structure was then compared with the previously reported diprotonated metformin oxalate (2). The difference between them is that the mono-protonated metformin cations can be linked by hydrogen bonding to form dimers while the diprotonated metformin cations cannot. Both of them are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds to assemble a 3-D supermolecular structure. The four potential tautomer of the mono-protonated metformin cation (tautomers 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d) were optimized and their single point energies were calculated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3LYP method based on the Polarized Continuum Model (PCM) in water, which shows that the most likely existed tautomer in human cells is the same in the crystal structure. Based on the optimized structure, their Wiberg bond orders, Natural Population Analysis (NPA) atomic charges, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were calculated to analyze their electronic structures, which were then compared with the corresponding values of the diprotonated metformin cation (cation 2) and the neutral metformin (compound 3). Finally, the possible tautomeric mechanism of the mono-protonated metformin cation was discussed based on the observed phenomena.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2003

Colon-specific delivery of glucocorticoids is highly desirable for the efficient treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. We synthesized prednisolone 21-sulfate sodium (PDS) as a colon-specific prodrug of prednisolone (PD) and investigated its properties using rats as test animals. We expected that introduction of sulfate ester as a sodium salt might increase the hydrophilicity and restrict the absorption in the GI tract. If PDS is stable and nonabsorbable in the upper intestine, it will be delivered to the colon as an intact form, where it hydrolyze by the sulfatase to release PD. Compared with PD, the solubility of PDS increased and the apparent partition coefficient decreased greatly. PDS was stable on incubation with pH 1.2 and 6.8 buffer solutions and with the contents of the stomach and small intestine. On incubation with the cecal contents, PDS decreased to 9.6％ of the dose in 10 h producing PD. The amount of PD increased to give a maximum 54％ of the dose and decreased. As a control, when PD was incubated with the cecal contents, it decreased to 29％ of the dose in 8 h, which implied that reduction of PD proceeded under such conditions. These results suggested that hydrolysis of PDS took place to produce and accumulate PD, which decreased by reduction as the incubation period extended. Our results suggested that PDS can be a promising colon-specific prodrug of PD, and sulfate ester group might serve as a potential colon-specific promoiety, especially for the drugs which are resistant to reduction in the colon.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2013

Mare milk is gaining importance because of its nutritional characteristics and therapeutic properties, which enable its use as part of the diet of the elderly, convalescents, and newborn infants. This review describes the functional and bioactive components of mare milk, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, and the characteristics such as acidification and released free amino acids of fermented mare milk. The protein profile of mare milk differs from that of bovine milk but is similar to that of human milk. The salt and lactose content in mare's milk is similar to that in human milk, but mare's milk has a significantly lower content of fat. Whey protein concentration is higher and casein content is much lower in mare milk than in bovine milk. These health-promoting properties indicate that mare milk and its derivatives could become valuable foods for elderly consumers in the form of probiotic beverages. Protein allergies related to and the potential industrial applications of mare milk have also been discussed in comparison with those of bovine milk. Although mare milk has diverse advantages if used as a nutritional food and has positive effects on health, further studies are required to enable its use as a complete substitute for human milk or as a health food.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2016

In this study, we report the fabrication of functional complex fibers, which have been studied widely globally for numerous applications. Here, we fabricated conductive complex fibers with antibacterial properties by coating metal ions on the surface of plastic (polypropylene) fibers using the electroless and electrochemical deposition. First, we polished the polypropylene melt-blown fiber surface and obtained an absorbing Pd seed layer on its surface. Subsequently, we substituted the Pd with Cu. Bis-3-sulfopropyl-disulfide disodium salt (SPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ethylene thiourea (ETU) were used as the brightener, carrier, and leveler, respectively for the electroplating. We focused on most achieving the stable plating condition to remove dendrites, which are normally during electroplating metals so that smooth layer is formed on the fiber surface. The higher the amount of SPS, the higher was the extent of irregular plate-like growth. Many irregularities in the form of round spheres were observed with increase in the amount of PEG and ETU. Hence, when the additives were used separately, a uniform coating could not be obtained. A stable coating was obtained when the three additives were combined and a uniform 5-9 μm thick copper layer with a stable morphology could be obtained around the fiber. We believe that our results can be applied widely to obtain conductive fibers with antibacterial properties and are useful in aiding research on conductive lightweight composite fibers for application in information technology and robotics.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 1977

The results of electron microscopic studies on the cell fine structure of Nocardia sp the location of tellurite-reducing enzyme and the reduction part of T. T. C. (Triphenyl tetrazonium chloride) were summarized as follows. As the fine structure of the cell, the membrane-like structure with unit membrane was distributed in the cytoplasm. The membrane-like structure had complicate forms: some of membrane-like structure appeared spiral form. As the metal tellurium salt appeared in the cytoplasm, it is obvious that tellurite and tellurate-reducing enzymes are present in the cytoplasm. Reduction of T. T. C. took place in the cell membrane and the intracellular membrane-like structure. Therefore, it was thought that reduction of tellurate and T. T. C. took place in different parts. T. T. C. formazane formed in the cell was reoxidized by osmic acid which was used as a fixation reagent for the electron microscopic specimen preparation. As 95％ T. T. C. formazane was soluble in ethanol and embedding materials and removed out of the cell, an originally formed formazane appeared as electron light part on the electron microscopic image.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.782-790
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aims to develop menu for tofu, which will satisfy a variety of needs of people by harmonizing tofu and other ingredients. Methods: In the present study, the standard recipes were made for tofu menu development by improving the existing recipes like Dubu-seon, Dubu-kimchi, Dubu-jeongol, and Sundubu-jjigae (soft tofu stew). Based on newly developed recipes, the nutritional analysis was conducted using the analyzing program of the Korean Nutrition Society (CAN-Pro 4.0). Food styling was devised considering the shape and color of plates, layout, and color harmony. Table design was devised empirically employing tablecloth, napkin, dinnerware, glasses, cutlery, centerpiece, and figures. Results: Food styling of Dubu-seon was devised by improving the visual aspect, using Korean traditional five cardinal colors. It turns out that the improvised version of Dubu-seon (prepared following the new recipe) can satisfy 15.1% of amount of recommended dietary fiber intake per day for both male and female adults. In case of Dubu-kimchi, the dish was developed as a one-dish meal by supplementing protein and improving food styling. Beef was added in a form of a meatballs which is especially preferred by children. However, the amount of salt was reduced due to the strong and spicy taste of kimchi itself, resulting in 32% of daily intake of sodium. Dubu-jeongol was also improvised by reducing protein content, and more vegetables were added. Food styling was also improved. Concerning Sundubu-jjigae, protein was supplemented by addition of mushrooms rather than the existing way of adding shellfish. The sodium content was 133.88 mg, which is merely 10% of daily intake. Conclusion: With the new developments in tofu menus, new food styling, and table design, this study aims to contribute towards the rise in sales in the food service industry in terms of being used as basic and critical data.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1040-1044
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• 1998

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate peroxidate can be crystallized as a hydrogen-peroxide-bound salt from the solution of tetrasodium pyrophosphate and hydrogen peroxide. The antimicrobial activity and stability of the compound were tested for the use as a food preservative. It showed antimicrobial activities against several food spoilage microorganisms at the concentration of 0.1% (w/v), and was stable for 80 days in room temperature as a form of 70% hydrogen-peroxide-bound tetrasodium pyrophosphate peroxidate. It was also stable at the boiling temperature but decomposed significantly in the presence of metal ions. The compound can be an effective food preservative at the 0.2% (w/v) concentration, which contains 0.03% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide. The compound could be commercialized if the application area and usage direction as well as the removal method of hydrogen peroxide were developed.