• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2011

Deep coloration of cotton fabrics with concentrated Rhus verniciflua extract was carried out using large amount of Glauber's salt and a mordant in order to improve dyeability and functional properties such as deodorizing and antimicrobial activity. With increasing in the salt addition upto 80% in the dyeing liquor containing 0.45% extract concentration, K/S value and exhaustion increased threefold from 1.2 to 3.5, indicating that the salt reduced the electrostatic repulsion between the dyes and the cotton fibers. Also the concentrated extract solution to 8% can increase the color build up upto a K/S of 11.1. In addition the combined pre- and post-mordanting methods with potassium alum enhanced the dyeability upto a K/S of 22.2. The ammonia deodorizing property increased with increased color yield of the dyed fabrics. Also the dyed and post-mordanted fabrics with 8% extract concentration showed antimicrobial activity against both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1301-1304
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• 2012

Mineral contents of various salts were determined by the ICP-OES method. Bamboo salt (baked 9 times) contained more potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, compared to purified and solar salts. Bamboo salt had a pH of 11.04, higher than those of purified (6.29) and solar (9.13) salts. Contents of [$OH^-$] were measured by using the FT-IR spectra. Bamboo salt exhibited higher reduction potential and contained more OH groups than purified and solar salts. The reduction peak of bamboo salt was observed to be about three times broader than that of solar salt in terms of redox potential amperometry. At a salt concentration of 25%, bamboo salt showed higher radical scavenging activities (81.4%) than solar (5.0%) and purified (2.0%) salts, as evaluated by DPPH assay. Bamboo salt revealed alkaline property, more OH groups and antioxidative activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2004.02a
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• pp.165-169
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• 2004

It was studied on the reductive extraction between the eutectic salt and Bi metal phases. The solutes were zirconium and the rare earth elements, where zirconium was used as the surrogate for the transuranic(TRU) elements. All the experiments were performed in a glove box filled with argon gas. Two types of experimental conditions were used -high and low initial solute concentrations in salt. Li-Bi alloy was used as a reducing agent to reduce the high chemical activity of Li. The reductive extraction characteristics were examined using ICP, XRD and EPMA analysis. Zirconium was successfully separated from the rare earth elements by the reductive extraction method. The LiF-NaF-KF system was favorable among the fluoride salt systems, whereas the LiCl-KCl system was favorable among the chloride salt systems. When the solute concentrations were high, intermetallic compounds were found near the salt-metal interface.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 1997

Cyclodxtrin homologues(CDs), produced by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase(CGTase), were simultaneously partitioned in aqueous two-phase system(ATPS). Partition coefficients of CDs were measured in PEG/dextran systems. Phosphate, citrate, sulfate were tested as salt. ATPS of PEG/salt and PEG/dextran had the partition coefficients of the CDs, larger than unity. However, PEG/dextran system was observed better than PEG/salt as CGTase activity decreased sharply with salt concentration. Enzymatic rection occurred mainly in PEG-rich bottom phase because of the low partition coefficient of CGTase. The resulting CDs transferred to the PEG-rich top phase, obeying the diffusional partition. In the ATPS of 7% PEG(M.W.40, 000), 7mg/ml of CDs were obtained in top phase at 4.5 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2010

The chloroform layer of fermented glasswort (Salicornia herbacea) juice was found to have higher radical-scavenging activity than the other layers by the assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) radicals. Two antioxidative compounds were isolated and purified from the chloroform layer by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography using the guided assay of DPPH radical scavenging. Based on mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance, the isolated compounds were identified as cirsiumaldehyde (1) and chrysoeriol (2). This is the first study to report the presence of those compounds in fermented glasswort juice. Compound 2 showed higher radical-scavenging activity than 1.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.575-586
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine potential antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin, which incorporated into the low-fat/salt sausages during storage either at 30 or 4℃. First, the model study on the antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin was performed. Based on the model study, more than 0.25% of lactoferrin was required to have a distinctive antimicrobial activity for the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in the broth. However, extended shelf-life was not shown in the low-fat/salt sausages manufactured with lactoferrin during refrigerated storage. In addition, no synergistic effects of lactoferrin with sodium lactate were observed in the sausages. These results indicated that the addition of lactoferrin into the low-fat sausages did not have antimicrobial activity of E. coli O157:H7, due to the denaturation of lactoferrin or the complexity of the sausage, even though it had a distinctive antimicrobial effect in the model study.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2016

In this study, doenjang samples were prepared with different types of salts (12%, w/w): purified salt (PS), 3-year aged solar salt (SS3), 1-year aged solar salt (SS1), and bamboo salt melted 3 times (BS). Whole-soybean mejus were fermented with starters consisting of 2 Bacillus strains, a yeast, and a fungus (starter doenjang), and control mejus were fermented with organisms present naturally in rice straw (non-starter doenjang). The whole-soybean mejus were dried, and then mixed with cooked soybeans and the respective salts. The doenjang samples were fermented for 13 weeks at 25℃. The protease (acid, neutral, and alkaline) activities, fibrinolytic activities, and antioxidant capacities of the samples were examined every week. BS doenjang showed the highest acid protease (6.46 ± 0.20 unit/g) and fibrinolytic activities (0.61 unit/ml). Among the starter doenjang samples, those made with SS and BS showed the highest total phenolic contents after 91 days of fermentation. For antioxidant activities, SS3 doenjang showed higher activities than the other doenjang samples, as evaluated by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. These results suggest that solar salt, especially aged for 3 years, is better than purified salt in terms of producing better functionalities of doenjang.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2020

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is an important yeast that is required in the food fermentation process due to its high salt tolerance. In this study, the responses and resistance strategies of Z. rouxii against salt stress were investigated by performing physiological analysis at membrane level. The results showed that under salt stress, cell integrity was destroyed, and the cell wall was ruptured, which was accompanied by intracellular substance spillover. With an increase of salt concentrations, intracellular Na⁺ content increased slightly, whereas intracellular K⁺ content decreased significantly, which caused the increase of the intracellular Na⁺/K⁺ ratio. In addition, in response to salt stress, the activity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase increased from 0.54 to 2.14 μmol/mg protein, and the ergosterol content increased to 2.42-fold to maintain membrane stability. Analysis of cell membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition showed that cell membrane fluidity decreased and unsaturated fatty acid proportions increased, leading to a 101.21% rise in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio. The results presented in this study offer guidance in understanding the salt tolerance mechanism of Z. rouxii, and in developing new strategies to increase the industrial utilization of this species under salt stress.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.656-660
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• 2009

We investigated the quality characteristics of Dombaegi after drying, with respect to salt concentration (1%, 2%, 3% all w/v) and salting temperature ($4^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$), to establish optimum salting conditions. Changes in moisture and salt content, water holding capacity, water activity, color, and textual properties of salted Dombaegi were measured. The moisture content was highest in Dombaegi prepared with 3% (w/v) salt at 4C. The salt content of Dombaegi rose as salt concentration and temperature increased. The water holding capacity was greatest after salting with 3% (w/v) salt at $4^{\circ}C$. Color and texture were superior after preparation at higher salt concentrations and lower salting temperatures. Thus, the quality of Dombaegi was optimal when dry salting was performed at the highest salt concentration (3%, w/v) and the lower salting temperature ($4^{\circ}C$).

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.353-365
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• 2011

The present study investigates the possible regulatory role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) in antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification systems of wheat seedlings exposed to salt stress (150 and 300 mM NaCl, 4 days). Seedlings were pre-treated for 24 h with 1 mM sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, and then subjected to salt stress. The ascorbate (AsA) content decreased significantly with increased salt stress. The amount of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the GSH/GSSG ratio increased with an increase in the level of salt stress. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased significantly with severe salt stress (300 mM). The ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities did not show significant changes in response to salt stress. The glutathione reductase (GR), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activities decreased upon the imposition of salt stress, especially at 300 mM NaCl, with a concomitant increase in the $H_2O_2$ and lipid peroxidation levels. Exogenous NO pretreatment of the seedlings had little influence on the nonenzymatic and enzymatic components compared to the seedlings of the untreated control. Further investigation revealed that NO pre-treatment had a synergistic effect; that is, the pre-treatment increased the AsA and GSH content and the GSH/GSSG ratio, as well as the activities of MDHAR, DHAR, GR, GST, GPX, Gly I, and Gly II in most of the seedlings subjected to salt stress. These results suggest that the exogenous application of NO rendered the plants more tolerant to salinity-induced oxidative damage by enhancing their antioxidant defense and MG detoxification systems.