• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2000

The physico-chemical characteristics of core sediment, community dynamics of Salix species during the sedimentation were investigated in 1990~1997 for the purpose of inquiry to reveal the effects of terrestrialization on the environment and plant community in a natural wetland. The study site, Paksil-nup wetland was a valley blocked lake located near Hwang-River, Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The values of conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Ca were higher, and pH was lower in the upper layer of the core sediment. Soil properties such as available phosphorus, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Na increased, and organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable K decreased during the sedimentation. Salix nipponica was the dominant species, and Salix glandulosa was subdominant among 10 Salix species. Sahx species were supposed to be the pioneer plants in shrub and tree layers during the succession in Paksil-nup wetland. Age class of SaliX species community from the epilittoral zone to the infralittoral zone were low, and age of Saljx species distributed from 2 years to 11 years. DBH, height, mean number of branches, number of herb species, and light intensity were increased, whereas density was decreased from a lower age to a higher age community. Salix nipponica was superior than Sahx purpurea var. japonica and other Salix species during the interspecific competition among Salix species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.58-68
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• 1999

This study was carried out to verify the distribution patterns of Salix gracilistyla and Phragmites japonica communities known as obligatory riparian species according to physical factors such as micro-landforms, substrates, etc., at Soo-ip stream corridor. Firstly four vegetation types - Salix gracilistyla dominant type, Phragmites japonica dominant type, mixed type of two species, and mixed type of two species to other species, were classified by cluster analysis based on UPGMA-Euclidean distance. Also these vegetation types showed many different distribution patterns in response to the longitudinal and lateral view along the stream corridor and substrate composition. Salix gracilistyla was major component of dominant vegetation types developed at attack point of bending reach and on substrates composed of rock fragments, but contrastly Phragmites japonica was most important component of dominant vegetation types at point bar of bending reach and floodplain, and on substrates composed of soil materials. Secondly the species and environment biplot form CCA strongly supported the vegetation types divided by classification. Namely Salix gracilistyla was closely correlated with rock fragments and steep slope, which is resistant to physical action even though located near running water. But Phragmites japonica showed a high correlation with soil particles sedimented at floodplain by divergent flow.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 1999

Vegetation structure and distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes, and the growth pattern, standing crop and amounts of nutrient uptake by Salix species were investigated in the upper stream wetlands of the Namgang-Dam, Chinju-city, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from April to November in 1997. The flora was composed of 43 hydrophytes and 241 hygrophytes, or total 284 vascular plants. The life forms of the hydrophytes were classified as 27 kinds of emergent plants, 4 floating-leaved plants, 3 free-floating plants, and 9 submersed plants. In the herb layer, the dominant species was Persicaria hyciropiper, and the ranges of the species diversity indices (H'), equitabilities, (J') and community similarity indices (CCs) were 1.59~1.89, 0.87~0.96, and 0.35~0.83, respectively. In the shrub and subtree layers, 17 kinds of Salix species were supposed to the pioneer plants at the early stage of the succession. The number of branches per main stem of Salix species was 5.0. The DBH class-frequency histograms of Salix species were the reverse J type, and the natural regeneration of the Salix community was expected. Basal area of Salix species per square meter was $24.87cm^2$. Volume of Salix species per square meter was $12,008cm^3$ and total phytomass of the Salix species was estimated as 12,894 ton. Biomass distribution of Salix species in the stem, the branch and twig, and the leaf was 64.1%, 28.1%, and 7.8%, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by Salix species were 68,022 and 19,823 kg. It was recommended that application and conservation of the wetland and other counterplans are indispensable to reduce the adverse effects of water pollution and to preserve the wetland ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.132-142
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• 1989

The pollen morphology of 15 species, 2 varieties and 1 forma belonging to 6 sections of the subgenus Salix was investigated by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. From a pollen-morphological point of view, subgenus Salix is stenopalynous. Species from six sections have been distinguished on the basis of pollen morphology, and a key for their identification using pollen is presented. Based on pollen morphology, S. jessoensis(section Subalbae) is the most distinct of the species studied. Species of section Hurmboldtianae appear to be the most evolved in this subgenus with a closer relationship to section Amygdalinae than any other section of this subgenus.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.957-967
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• 2013

High turbidity submersion due to torrential downpour is one of the factors that influences the plant growth. This study is focused on analyzing the plant's growth rate for Salix species such as gracilisyla, koreensis, glandulosa when these trees are waterlogged. The length of shoots for this control group in the natural state is 33.4% (gracilisyla), 24.3% (koreensis), 23.9% (glandulosa), however, they stopped growing in submersion. Compared to the leaf number of Salix species of this control group in the natural state, 144.5% (gracilisyla), 77.3% (koreensis), 40.3% (glandulosa) in the natural state 30 days, in 30 days submersion, the number of leaves is zero except koreensis. In the results of this experiment, Salix species stopped growing quickly when submersed. This study concludes that it is necessary to plant eco-friendly plants around the slope of the reservoir and dam where flooding takes place frequently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.64-67
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• 1984

The genus Salix is nowadays becoming increasingly important for both biomass energy production and the expanding paper industry. The enlarging plantations will however create some potential as well as problem. The great potential of genetical improvement as well as the prevention of pollen allergies requires knowledge about e.g, the pollen morphology of the most used Salix species. This study investigated the pollen morphology of Salix viminalis L. both on light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.111-121
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• 2016

This study was carried out to assess the riparian vegetation health in the fluctuation area and vicinity of reservoirs. The results of this study could be a basic data to improve the ecological function and establish green-network of waterside ecosystem. The study site is Daecheong lake reservoirs which the representative landscape of Geum river and with great number of visitors near metropolitan city. The 6 survey plots of 2 survey area were selected, survey area 1 had 4 survey plots and survey area 2 had 2 survey plots, and to compare the study results 4 control plots were selected in Gyeongcheon reservoir. The main dominant specie of survey sites was Salix koreensis in tree and subtree layer, were Salix koreensis and Salix glandulosa. in shrub layer. 2 survey plots of Samjeongdong and Kyeongcheon reservoir were assessed as 'Good', 2 survey plots of chudong were assessed as 'Fair' in vegetation health assessment. In the fluctuation area from flood water level to low water level, 58 populations of Salix koreensis were found in survey sites and Salix koreensis, Salix glandulosa and Acer tataricum subsp. ginale were found in control sites. The most adequate species at the condition affected by inundation impacts would be Salix koreensis and Salix glandulosa was more healthy at the area less affected by inundation. This study was carried out the vegetation health assessment on Daecheong reservoir which has been advanced natural succession for more than 30 years after the construction. Further, it should carry continuously out the research on the planting model of the waterside ecosystem for ecological restoration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-167
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• 2009

Riparian vegetation gives basic habitats for animal and other biological organisms. It is one of essential landscapes in river ecosystem. This floral study was conducted to give basic information for management of the Geum river ecosystem. We discovered total 69 plant communities out of 40 sites studied and mean 8 plant communities were analysed per study site. Salix koreensis and Salix subfragilis community were dominant of all communities at tree layer and Salix gracilistyla and Rubus parvifolius were dominant communities at shrub layer. Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis appeared most as perennial grasses and Humulus japonicus, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria hydropiper appeared most as annual grasses. Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa and Bidens frondosa were frequently present as exotic species. Grass communities were higher than tree communities because of human disturbance by artificial banks. The number of species was 182 appeared as 53 families 144 species, 34 varieties and 4 forma and mean species number was 25.5 per site. The most abundant site was Yanggang bridge site (14 vegetation association, 49 species) and the least abundant site was Namdaechon, Muju site (3 vegetation association, 12 species). We suggest that continuous riparian vegetation monitoring should be carried out to manage water environment ecologically.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.26-36
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• 1994

The comparative wood anatomy of 1 species belonging to genus Myrica of Myricaceae, 9 species to genus Populus and 8 species to genus Salix of Salcaceae, occurring in Korea, was described and coded according to IAWA list(Wheeler, 1989). Myrica rubra. of Myricaceae is a typical diffuse-porous wood with numerous vessels per $mm^2$ and its pores are mainly angular in outline. Vessels scalariform perforation plates with a few bars, very small inter vessel pits; axial parenchyma abundant, diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregates which is distinct and easily observed on cross section; rays 1-3 seriate, Kribs' heterogeneous I or II types, frequently contains rhomboidal crystals; Dark pigmented substances included in some rays and axial parenchyma. Salicaceae, a typical diffuse porous wood, has mainly radial pore multiple, large intervessel pits, distinct alternate pits, simple perforation plates, ray-vessel pits with circular large pits, uniseriate rays, marginal parenchyma composed of 1-2 layers. In some species, ray parenchyma contain crystals. Populus and Salix wood can be distinguished from one another by the following characters. Pores of Populus woods almost angular in outline. Uniseriate homogeneous rays slightly higher than Salix and long linear on tangential section. Whereas Salix woods appear the pores almost oval, uniseriate heterogeneous rays, which are smular narrow fusiform on tangential section and lower in height than Populus.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.87-95
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• 2005

Vegetation structure of the vascular plants was investigated from March 2003 to October 2003 in Haepyeong wetland, Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Actual vegetation of Haepyeong wetland largely can be classified by floristic composition and physiognomy into 18 communities; Xanthium strumarium-Digitaria sanguinalis, Humulus japonicus, Persicaria perfoliata-Humulus japonicus, Phragmites japonica-Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Persicaria hydropiper-Phragmites communis, Persicaria hydropiper, Phragmites japonica-Persicaria hydropiper, Miscanthus sacchariflorus- Phragmites japonica, Persicaria hydropiper-Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis, Salix nipponica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Salix nipponica, Phalaris arundinacea-Salix nipponica, Salix glandulosa-Salix nipponica, Trapa japonica, and Ceratophyllum demersum-Trapa japonica. Among them, the area of the Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis community was the largest as 122.2ha(9.23%). The dominant vegetation type was Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Persicaria hydropiper community based on phytosociological method, and it was was classified into three subcommunities; Salix glandulosa-Salix nipponica subcommunity, Digitaria sanguinalis subcommunity, and Cyperus amuricus subcommunity. Differential species of Salix glandulosa-Salix nipponica subcommunity were Salix nipponica, S. glandulosa, S. koreensis, Scirpus radicans, Persicaria maackiana, and Achyranthes japonica; differential species of Digitaria sanguinalis subcommunity were D. sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, and Cyperus orthostachyus; differential species of Xanthium strumarium subcommunity were X. strumarium, Acalypha australis, Erigeron canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Vicia tetrasperma. Zonation of vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes was as followers: Salix glandulosa, S. koreensis, S. nipponica were distributed in the region of land which water table is low, and Persicaria maackiana, Persicaria hydropiper, Scirpus radicans were distributed in the understory. And emergent plants such as Phragmites communis and Scirpus karuizawensis, floating-leaved plant such as Trapa japonica, submersed plant such as Ceratophyllum demersum, and free floating plant such as Spirodela polyrhiza formed the zonation from shoreline to water. The specified wild plants designated by the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature, Ministry of Forest, and Ministry of Environment were not distributed in the study area. It was expected that Haepyeong Wetland worthy of conservation contributed purifying water pollution, giving habitats of many lifes, and providing beautiful scenes of the river.