• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.63-79
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• 2020

The present study was to investigate the growth response and nutrient absorption in three willow species (Salix gracilistyla, S. koreensis and S. chaenomeloides) treated with nitrogen source (NH₄⁺:NO₃^- rate; 200:0, 150:50, 100:100, 50:150, 200:0) for a period of 90days. The height, dry weight and chlorophyll contents of three species of willows were found to be highest at 50:150 (NH₄⁺:NO₃^-) treatment. NO₃^--N was more effective than NH₄⁺-N in the early growth of three species of willows. The increase in percentage of NO₃^--N handling, T-N, NO₃^--N in plant tissue increased. The analysis of C, N and mineral content in various parts revealed that the amounts of C, N, K, Ca and Mg were higher in leaves than those in the stems and the roots. However, the amount of NO₃^--N and P were higher in roots than those in the leaves and the stems. Salix koreensis was excellent, followed by S. chaenomeloides and S. gracilistyla in absorption of nitrate nitrogen. Higher percentage of NO₃^--N, the amounts of T-N, NO₃^--N, P₂O₅, K, Na, Ca, and pH in soil were decreased.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to verify the shore margin protection effect of a root system developed from direct sticking of Salix gracilistyla Miq., focusing on the reinforcement of soil shear strength. The materials were 20cm long sticks whose average diameter and weight were 7.52mm and 14.58g respectively, and sandy loam(Sand 60.36%, Silt 28%, Clay 11.64%), whose maximum dry weight(${\gamma}$$_{dmax}$) was 1.59gf/㎤ at the water ratio( $W_{opt}$) 13.8%. The direct shearing test(KS F 2343) was applied to cylindric columms(diameter 132mm) of pure soil and two years old root reinforced soil. At each condition of vertical stress, 10N/$ extrm{cm}^2$, 14.41N/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 18.82 N/$\textrm{cm}^2$, five soil+root columns were sheared. After shear tests, the root area ratio and soil moisture on the shear plane were measured. The results of this research were as follows: 1. The average of root area ratio was 1.86% and the soil moisture 14.67%. 2. Two years old root system was found to increase the soil shear strength of pure soil in terms of Cohesion(C) and Inner friction Angle($\phi$) as follows. 3. The relationship between root area ratio and the increased shear strength can be presented with the following equation, $\Delta$S ≒ 0.33ㆍ TrㆍAs/A $\Delta$S : Increased Shear Strength Tr : Average Tension Strength of Root, Ar/A : Root Area Ratioioage Tension Strength of Root, Ar/A : Root Area Ratio

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.143-151
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• 1998

To develop restoration technologies of natural environment, which is destroyed through the urbanization, industrialization, and the increase of leisure industry, the development of environmental restoration material and those application is greatly needed. Concerning this current issue, an experiment has been conducted to test and an experiment has been conducted to test and analyze the conditions of nutritonal propagation of willow cutting, which is known as a plant with rapid propagation and good growth capability under bad soil conditions and its wide ecological amplitude. 24 various kinds of willow cuttings -2~6 cuttings for each species -were placed into the earth for 57 days and measured the lengths and the diameters of willow cuttings, the possibility of root formation, the total number, and the total length of new shoots and roots. 23 among 24 willow cuttings tested were showing a great growing capacity and a number of new shoots and roots were observed in a relatively short time. This proved that salix is an adequate plant material for quick environmental restoraton . Besides, those willow cuttings could be classified for different site conditions through comparing the ratio of the underground part to the aboveground in total length. The results are as follows; S. dependens, S. matsudana, S. babylonica are the most suitable species for quick vegetaton and S. gracilistyla,S. myricoides,S. alba 'sercia' for erosioni control.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2001

버드나무속(Salix)을 대상으로 각 종별 생태적 지위폭, 생태적 지위 중복역 및 분포에 미치는 환경 요인을 규명하기 위하여 2000년 7월부터 9월까지 남강 유역에서 버드나무속의 군집 구조, 종조성, 저토 환경 등을 조사하였다 조사지역에 출현한 버드나무속 11분류군의 기저직경을 토대로 상대우점도에 따라 구분한 우점종은 버드나무였고, 그 다음으로 선버들, 갯버들, 왕버들 등의 순이었다. 저토 환경은 pH 5.3∼6.3, 전기전도도 14∼351 μmho /cm, 함수량 0.1∼3.4%, 유기물량 0.5∼7.3%, 총질소량 0.01∼0.2%, 유효인량 0.1∼0.4 mg/100g, 점토 1.7∼22.0%, 미사 0.2∼40.8%, 모래 39.7∼98.0% 등이었고, 조사지점의 해발고도는 20∼620 m 그리고 연평균기온은 9.3∼13.0℃ 등의 범위이었다. 토성의 차이를 자원 상태의 차이로서 취급하여 정량화한 생태적 지위폭은 왕버들이 0.77로서 가장 넓었고, 버드나무 0.69, 선버들 0.54 등의 순이었다. 종간 경쟁의 정도를 나타내는 생태적 지위 중복역은 키버들과 개키버들이 0.94로서 가장 높았고, 눈갯버들과 키버들 0.92, 눈갯버들과 개키버들 0.87등의 순이었다. 버드나무속 11분류군과 11가지 환경요인과의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 갯버들은 전기전도도, 함수량, 총질소량, 점토, 미사, 연평균기온 등과 음의 상관을, 모래 및 해발고도와는 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 눈갯버들은 전기전도도, 함수량, 유기물량, 점토, 미사, 연평균기온 등과 음의 상관을, 총질소량, 모래, 해발고도 등과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 선버들은 모래 및 해발고도와 음의 상관을, 함수량, 총질소량, 점토, 미사, 연평균기온 등과 양의 상관관계를 보여 갯버들과는 반대의 결과를 보였다. 남강 유역에서 버드나무속의 분포에 영향을 미치는 환경요인은 저토의 토성, 함수량, 총질소량, 해발고도 및 연평균기온이었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2010

We evaluated the restoration effect by introducing willows as a means of controlling invasions of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) on a riparian site. Our preliminary survey demonstrated that a problematic exotic species, giant ragweed and the representative riparian species, Salix koreensis are in competitive exclusive relationship. We planted willows at 1 m intervals on the bank of the Dongmun stream at Munsan, Paju, in Central Western Korea as an experimental restoration practice. We installed two 50 m $\times$ 5 m sized restored and non-restored for this experimental study. The non-restored plots were located on river banks, which were covered with concrete blocks and left in itself without any treatment. The height of willow was measured after each of three consecutive growing seasons and compared with the height of the giant ragweed. Although the height of Salix gracilistyla did not achieve the height of the giant ragweed, the height of S. koreensis surpassed that of giant ragweed in the third year after introduction. The results were also reflected in the relative light intensity on the herb layer of willow stand, and thereby the relative light intensities of stands, which were dominated by S. koreensis or restored by introducing S. koreensis, 1.99 $\pm$ 0.33 (%, mean $\pm$ SD) and 1.92 $\pm$ 0.50 (%, mean $\pm$ SD), respectively were lower than those in the stands treated by S. gracilistyla, 3.01 $\pm$ 0.43 (%, mean $\pm$ SD). The giant ragweed stands receive full sunlight as there are no any vegetation layers higher than the herb layer formed by the giant ragweed. As the result of Detrended Correspondence analysis ordination based on naturally established vegetation, the stands dominated by willows and giant ragweed showed different species composition between both stands. The species composition of the restoratively treated sites resembled the reference sites more than the non-treated sites. The species diversity (H') of the sites restored by introducing S. koreensis and S. gracilistyla was higher than the non-restored site dominated by A. trifida. On the basis of our results, the restoration of riparian vegetation equipped with integrated features could contribute not only to the control of exotic plants including giant ragweed but also to ensure the diversity and stability of riverine ecosystems.

• 한국조경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조경학회 1999년도 정기대회 및 학술논문발표회
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• pp.40-41
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• 1999

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.153-167
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• 2009

Riparian vegetation gives basic habitats for animal and other biological organisms. It is one of essential landscapes in river ecosystem. This floral study was conducted to give basic information for management of the Geum river ecosystem. We discovered total 69 plant communities out of 40 sites studied and mean 8 plant communities were analysed per study site. Salix koreensis and Salix subfragilis community were dominant of all communities at tree layer and Salix gracilistyla and Rubus parvifolius were dominant communities at shrub layer. Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis appeared most as perennial grasses and Humulus japonicus, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria hydropiper appeared most as annual grasses. Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa and Bidens frondosa were frequently present as exotic species. Grass communities were higher than tree communities because of human disturbance by artificial banks. The number of species was 182 appeared as 53 families 144 species, 34 varieties and 4 forma and mean species number was 25.5 per site. The most abundant site was Yanggang bridge site (14 vegetation association, 49 species) and the least abundant site was Namdaechon, Muju site (3 vegetation association, 12 species). We suggest that continuous riparian vegetation monitoring should be carried out to manage water environment ecologically.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

The main purpose of this study was to examine the application of the root system as a shore protection material through the measurement of the 개ot growth curve of Salix gracilisyla Miq. depending on the cutting size. As materials and methodology, nine group of cuttings were classified by the length(l0cm, 20cm, 40cm) and the diameter(0.72cmm$\pm$0,02, 0.58cm$\pm$0.02, 0.35cm$\pm$0.02), Each group was stuck to a flooding bed of sandy loam(Sand 60,36%, Silt 28%, Clay 11.64%) on 27th March 2001, After 65 growing days, the weight and length of the newly developed roots, shoots, and leaves were measured and analysed, This was repeated at 99, 129, 159, and 190 growing days. The major findings were as follows. The primary determinant of the root growth rate was on the weight of cutting, The secondary determinant was on the number of growing days. In addition, the dominant dimension of the cutting was the diameter rather than the length, The thicker cutting caused more rapid and stable growth however the longer cutting made the growth of the root slower and more unstable.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.767-771
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• 2012

남강댐은 평지에 위치하여 댐 높이가 낮고 댐운영 수위의 편차가 작기 때문에 계획홍수위 아래 완경사 비탈면이 갈수기인 3월부터 5월 사이에 장기간 노출되어 5월 전후에 발아하는 식생 특히, 버들류가 이입, 성장하여 대규모 군락을 이루고 있다. 현재 형성된 대규모의 버들류 군락은 댐수질을 악화시킬 뿐만 아니라 자기솎음질(self-thinning)에 의해 고사한 버들류의 유목으로 인하여 댐운영에 많은 애로를 초래하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 버들류 군락 형성과 댐운영수위와의 상관관계를 도출하여 버들류를 적절하게 제어할 수 있는 댐운영 방안을 마련하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 따라서, 버들류의 이입시점을 명확히 파악하기 위하여 현재의 남강댐 건설 직후인 1979년, 2003년 2010년의 항공사진과 수심측량에 의한 지형도를 이용하여 버들류 군락의 확장 경향을 분석하였다. 또한, 버들류의 이입시점을 명확히 파악하기 위하여 방형구를 설치하여 버들류의 밀도 및 흉고직경을 조사하고, 성장추에 의한 수령을 조사, 분석하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 남강댐 연안대에 분포하는 버들류는 총 17종이며, 출현빈도가 높은 종은 선버들(Salix nipponica), 버드나무(Salix nipponica), 왕버들(Salix gracilistyla), 등으로서 선버들(Salix nipponica)이 우점종인 것으로 조사되었다. 남강댐 연안대에 분포하는 버들류의 수령을 조사한 결과 수령은 약 9년~10년, 흉고직경 10~15cm, 수고 7~8m인 것으로 조사되었다. 댐운영수위와 버들류의 수령을 분석한 결과 2002년 5월 댐수위 38.5~41.0m 일 때 연안대의 수면부근에서 1단계로 이입, 정착한 것으로 보이며, 2004년 및 2005년 5월경에 댐수위 36m일 때 2단계로 이입, 정착하여 현재 대규모 군락을 형성한 것으로 추정된다. 남강댐 버들류 군락의 형성은 버들류의 발아기에 댐수위 부근의 습지에서 발아환경이 최적인 온도와 저토환경에서 일시에 이입, 성장한 것으로 보인다. 따라서, 남강댐과 같이 평야부에 위치한 댐에서 댐운영 및 댐수질에 영향을 미치는 버들류를 제어하기 위해서는 버들류의 발아기에 댐운영 수위를 최대한 높여 현재의 버들류 군락에 의하여 발아, 성장이 불가능하도록 하거나 아니면 댐운영 수위를 낮추어 발아해도 홍수기 동안 장기간의 침수에 의하여 고사되도록 하는 댐운영 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.471-479
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• 2006

본 연구는 미동산 내 형성되어 있는 소하천 주변의 식생정보와 식물상을 객관적으로 분석하여 자연형 하천복원계획을 위한 기초 자료 제공과 더불어 복원용 소재개발을 위해 수행되었다. 본 지역의 식물상은 33과 84속 81종 14변종 등 총 95분류군이 확인되었다. 출현한 귀화식물은 오리새, 미국개기장, 소리쟁이, 취명아주, 토끼풀, 수박풀, 큰달맞이꽃, 돼지풀, 미국쑥부쟁이, 개망초, 망초, 기생초, 서양민들레, 미국가막사리, 코스모스 등 총 15분류군이었다. 식생군락은 달뿌리풀이 전체 우점종으로 판명되었고 부 우점종이 갯버들, 갈풀, 미국가막사리, 고마리로 관찰되었다. 하천복원을 위해서는 생물종다양성과 서식처 등을 고려해야 할 것이며, 달뿌리풀, 갯버들, 고마리, 큰물칭개나물 등의 다양한 소재 이용이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.