• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2011

The possibility of employing biomass of Salix viminalis cv. Q683 as a resource of bio-energy was evaluated. The chemical analysis of S. viminalis cv. Q683 leaf biomass showed components such as, extractives (2.57%), lignin (39.06%), hemicellulose (21.61%), and cellulose (37.83%), whereas, its stem was composed of extractives (1.67%), lignin (23.54%), hemicellulose (33.64%), and cellulose (42.03%). The biomass of S. viminalis cv. Q683 was saccharified using two enzymes celluclast and viscozyme. The saccharification of S. viminalis cv. Q683 biomass was influenced by enzymes and their strengths. The optimal enzyme combination was found to be celluclast (59 FPU/g substrate) and viscozyme (24 FBG/g substrate). On saccharification the glucose from leaf and stem biomass was 7.5g/L and 11.7g/L, respectively after 72 hr of enzyme treatment. The biomass and enzyme-treated biomass served as the feedstock for ethanol production by fermentation. The ethanol production from stem and leaf biomass was 5.8 g/L and 2.2 g/L respectively, while the fermentation of the enzymatic hydrolysates yielded 5 g/L to 8 g/L bioethanol in 72 hours.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of Salix gracilistyla production for cosmetic use through mycelial fermentation. The efficacy of this method was confirmed by fermentation using the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum (a representative medicinal mushroom). Total polyphenol and flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. gracilistyla extract (SGE) were found to be higher than those of G. lucidum fermented S. gracilistyla extract (GLSGE). GLSGE had relatively lower collagenase activity than SGE. However, GLSGE increased HDFn cell viability more potently than SGE, and increased the biosynthesis of type I procollagen. Thus, GLSGE could be used as an anti-aging cosmetic active ingredient. These results indicate that extract fermentation using G. lucidum mycelia can effectively enhance some beneficial effects of functional materials.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.246-253
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• 2023

Salix gracilistyla is widely distributed along riversides in Korea and very good for biomass production by SRC because of its excellent germination ability, but it is necessary to measure drying tolerance for cultivation. The drought tolerance of S. gracilistyla was tested using cuttings, and growth and physiological analysis were performed after irrigation was stopped. The growth inhibition of S. gracilistyla was observed from the day irrigation was stopped, and the soil moisture content decreased to less than 10% on the 25th day after irrigation was stopped. Over 50% of the seedlings turned brown 25 days after watering was stopped. The chlorophyll content of S. gracilistyla decreased dramatically after 25 days of stopping of irrigation. RWC values were unchanged until day 12 after irrigation was stopped but decreased rapidly until day 21, but there was a slightly decreasing trend after that. RWL levels increased slightly during irrigation stops. The proline content of plants subjected to drought stress was 0.91-2.63 mg/0.05 g, 2.75 times higher than that of the control treatment. The sugar content of the drought stress treatment group was 29.77 to 350.66 mg/0.05 g, which increased 12.24 times that of the control treatment. As a result of this study, S. gracilistyla was found to have a drought tolerance almost comparable to that of evergreen broad-leaved trees growing on the land. This study is expected to contribute to the resource utilization S. gracilistyla, a native willow tree of Korea, and the mass production of biomass by SRC.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.222-232
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• 2024

Background: Janghang Wetland is a well-preserved area located in a natural estuary and brackish water zone. There exist a large community of Salix triandra subsp. nipponica-S. koreensis, with S. triandra subsp. nipponica being the dominant species in the tidal forest. The metabolite composition of honey is diverse and influenced by the floral source and environmental factors. The aim of this study is to identify the plant origins of collected honey and examine changes in metabolite composition over time within the willow community in Janghang Wetland. Results: The study found that S. triandra subsp. nipponica was the most prominent component in the honey (50.7%), followed by Prunus padus (21.8%). In terms of pollen, P. padus was the most frequently detected (44.9%), followed by S. triandra subsp. nipponica (32.7%). The honey collected from Janghang Wetland was differentiated based on the collection time (March vs. April). Honeys collected in March exhibited a higher sucrose content than those gathered in April, while honeys collected in April demonstrated a higher mannose content compared to those obtained in March. The honey collected in Janghang Wetland had higher levels of sucrose and mannose content compared to commercial honey. In contrast, honey from an apiculture company had higher levels of lactitol and melibose. When comparing honey samples, it was found that Janghang Wetland honey showed lower levels of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content compared to commercial honeys. Conclusions: The metabolites in honey were found to be affected by both the collection time and geographical origin, and the results of metabarcoding in honey was influenced by the floral origin. These findings can assist in identifying the origin of honey and contribute to a better understanding of metabolite diversity in honey.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2013

We analyzed the effect of changing water level and turbidity on plants that serve to maintain slope stability on levees. In this experiment, soil collected from upstream of Imha Dam was placed in a water tank and planted with river plants of the Salix species: Salix gracilistyla, S. koreensis, and S. glanduosa. Plant regrowth was analyzed stage-by-stage during a recovery period. In addition, we assessed the tolerance of the plants to concentrated torrential rainfall and examined their recovery rates. The results indicate that in the case of these three Salix species, which are the most prevalent river plants in Korea, stem growth is arrested following serious damage and high turbidity. The possibility of regrowth was very low during the 20-day non-submerged recovery period. Although the number of leaves initially decreased during this period, subsequent regrowth was reasonably high: recovery in S. gracilistyla, S. koreensis, and S. glanduosa was up to 59.3%, 251.3%, and 148.4% respectively, compared with the initial condition.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.657-664
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• 2011

The plant community of water`s edge was investigated using the methodology of the Z-M school of phytosociology, from March to October, 2008, 2011. The results were obtained as follow ; hygrophyte hydrophye of 2008 year of this area consist of 38 taxa : 1 varieties, 37 species, 31 genera, 21 families and 14 orders, hygrophyte hydrophye of 2011 year of this area consist of hygrophyte 15 species, 13 species were reduced by approximately 13.33%. And emerged hydrophyres did not show a change. 9 species, 4 species of Floating-Leaved hydrophyres 55.56%, Submerged hydrophyres of the 4 species, 1 species, 75%, Free-Floating hydrophyres remarkable I the 3 species was reduced to 33.33%, respectively. Plants Community of the water's edge was classified into 16 communities as follows; (Leersia japonica community, Spirodela polyrhiza community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Hydrocharis dubia community, Zizania latifolia community, Paspalum distichum var. indutum community, Leersia japonica-Hydrocharis dubia community, Salix glandulosa community, Trapa japonica community, Humulus japonicus community, Nelumbo nucifera community, Carex dimorpholepis community, Salix koreensis community, Trapa japonica-Spirodela polyrhiza community, Persicaria thunbergii). Higher in 2011 than in 2008, the ratio was reduced to Leersia japonica community. Between July-August by a sudden change in the rate of water storage changes in vegetation are thought to have appeared.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

This study was intended to provide management directions through the provision of tree spatial information as basic data for the preservation of Gyerim(legal historical site), which is located in Gyeongju city, Gyeonsangnam-do, Korea. As a result of the survey of the entire forest, there are a total of 25 species and 510 individuals growing trees. Of these species, 14 species are native and 14 are introduced species. Apart from Sophora japonica, Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, most of the introduced species were adopted without historical basis after designation as a historical site. By a ratio of 36% to introduced species(including 3% of naturalized species; Ailanthus altissima), the historical heritage was significantly damaged. Gyerim, which has over 2,000 years of history, has a total 15 individuals(2.9%) large trees(over 100cm DBH). Ten of these are Salix glandulosa, and in the past, most of this area was considered a Salix glandulosa forest. Currently, however, there are many small trees(under 20cm DBH) for the next generation of growth and the Salix glandulosa forest will continue to decline. Furthermore, most small trees were afforested, so the historicity and place features as a mythological forest will quickly fade.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2013

This study was carried out to examine characteristics of physical and chemical current status and problems of Salix spp. communities based on growth characteristics by tree age and height of the tree species in around Namgang Dam reservoir area. Tree density in 4 survey areas was 5,284 trees/ha, but all areas need to control high tree density. Tree crown area in 4 survey areas was 9,786.4 $m^2/ha$ and crown area of Salix spp. was the most dominant among tree species in watershed of the Jinyang lake. Mean soil depth in 4 survey areas was 65.5 cm higher in the sedimental deposit soil (78 cm) than in forest soil (12.5 cm) near the watershed. Soil bulk density was also higher in the sedimental deposit soil than in forest soil because of poor porosity in the sandy sediment. Soil pH was higher in sedimental deposit soil (A, B horizon:pH 6.7) than in forest soil (A horizon:pH 5.3; B horizon:pH 5.2) because of originated from non-point source polution and detergent of domestic sewage. The results suggest that growth of Salix spp. could be poor because of low fertility with low cation exchange capacity in sedimental deposit soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1983

Classification on the group of Salix pseudo-lasiogyne growing in Korea, was conducted using cluster analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis. Thirty-six characters(Table 2) of the 5 basis species were measured. The phenograms and ordination plot showing the relationships between the species were made by applying the cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Five important factors, such as leaf blade width, number of right serration, angle of leaf apex, number of flowers in an ament, and the ratio of petiole length to width, were inferred from the rotated factor matrix, and their state values were presented in polygonal diagram. Salix pseduo-lasiogyne and S. babylonica were similarly correlated and linked in one group, S. dependens and S. matsudana for tortuosa were secondarily linked in the other group. S. koreensis appeared as an aliemated species from each of the two groups.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1983

Taxonomic distribution of ecto- and endomycorrhizae among woody species growing in Korea was studied and their distribution was compared with foreign literature, Most of root samples were collected from Central Branch Station of forest Research Institute in Gwangneung, Gyonggido. A total of 32 families, 63 genera, 102 species were examined. Ectomycorrhizae were observed in the following 13 general of Pinaceae (Pinus Larix, Picea, Abies), Salicaceae (Populus, salix), Betulace (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corpylus), Fagaceae(Quercus, Casianea), and Tiliaceae (Tilia), Endomycorrhizae (vesicular-arbuscular) were observed in Populus and the rest of the 49 genera. Rhus was the only genus which did not have either ecto- or endomycorrhizae, while foreign literature listed following genera having both mycorrhizal types: Juniperus, Cupressus, Populus, Salix, Juglans, Alnus, Ulmus, Malus, Pyrus, and Tilia. Juniperus, Ulmus, Pyrus, and Acer which were reported to have facultative ectomycorrhizae were free of ectomycorrhizae, Some morphological characteristics of endomycorrhizae are shown in photogrphs and discussed.