• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.485-489
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• 2000

A mucocele is a thin-walled, bluish, fluctuant swelling occurring just beneath the oral mucosa and filled with mucoid material. It usually results from damage to a salivary gland following which there is extravasation of mucus into the tissues, or occasionally it forms from dilatation of the duct of a salivary gland. The accepted treatment of a mucocele is excision of the sac and the associated minor salivary gland. Use of the $CO_2$ laser in oral surgery has several advantages. It is a very precise means of cutting tissue and causes little adjacent nontarget tissue damage. There is excellent coagulation of small blood vessels and consequently operative hemorrhage is greatly decreased. There is instant sterilization of the operative site, which decreases bacteremia. The operation sites were completely healed without any infection or complication and discomfort from swelling or pain was not noted in all cases throughout the healing process. In addition, following this therapy, there is little contraction or scarring.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2020

Objectives: We compared the outcomes of two different doses of FK506 (tacrolimus) for immunosuppression in submandibular salivary gland (SMG) allotransplantation. Materials and Methods: Three SMG allotransplantation groups were established (n=6 per group) as follows: allograft rejection control (Allo-Ctrl), low dose (0.08 mg/kg) of FK506 (FK506-L), and high dose (0.16 mg/kg) of FK506 (FK506-H). Allograft survival and rejection were assessed by clinical observation, interleukin-2 levels as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, blood sampling for complete blood count (CBC), and histological evaluation. Results: Body weight and anorexia were higher in the FK506-H group but without a significant difference compared with the FK506-L population. CBC revealed a non-significantly reduced number of changes in the FK506-L group. Four glands in the FK506-H group and two glands in the FK506- L group were viable and functioning post-transplantation. Conclusion: The survival rate of allotransplanted glands was higher in conjunction with the high dose of 0.16 mg/kg of FK506, with no major difference in the side-effect profile when compared with the low dose of 0.08 mg/kg short-term outcomes.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.42.1-42.17
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• 2021

Salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) is rare cancer, constituting 6% of neoplasms in the head and neck area. The most responsible genes and pathways involved in the pathology of this disorder have not been fully understood. We aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the most critical hub genes, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and biological processes (BPs) associated with the pathogenesis of primary SGC. The mRNA dataset GSE153283 in the Gene Expression Omnibus database was re-analyzed for determining DEGs in cancer tissue of patients with primary SGC compared to the adjacent normal tissue (adjusted p-value < 0.001; |Log2 fold change| > 1). A protein interaction map (PIM) was built, and the main modules within the network were identified and focused on the different pathways and BP analyses. The hub genes of PIM were discovered, and their associated gene regulatory network was built to determine the master regulators involved in the pathogenesis of primary SGC. A total of 137 genes were found to be differentially expressed in primary SGC. The most significant pathways and BPs that were deregulated in the primary disease condition were associated with the cell cycle and fibroblast proliferation procedures. TP53, EGF, FN1, NOTCH1, EZH2, COL1A1, SPP1, CDKN2A, WNT5A, PDGFRB, CCNB1, and H2AFX were demonstrated to be the most critical genes linked with the primary SGC. SPIB, FOXM1, and POLR2A significantly regulate all the hub genes. This study illustrated several hub genes and their master regulators that might be appropriate targets for the therapeutic aims of primary SGC.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 2010

Purpose: Primary malignant lymphomas of the salivary glands are uncommon, representing only 1.7% to 3.1% of all salivary neoplasms and 0.6% to 5% of all tumors and tumor-like lesions of the parotid gland. Lymphomas of the parotid glands are usually manifestations of a systemic disease process but primary lymphomas of the parotid glands are rare. Most of these lesions are classified as extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We report the clinicopathological features of primary malignant lymphoma of the parotid gland based on an analysis of our cases. Methods: The subject was a 48-year-old male patient with a malignant lymphoma originating in the parotid gland, which had been slowly increasing in size over previous 6 months. The diagnosis was established by MRI and a superficial lobectomy. After diagnosis, the patient was referred to an oncologist for staging and medical treatment. Results: The stage was IIIA. The patient was treated with chemotherapy following surgery with rituximab and CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine, Prednisolone). The tumor was controlled successfully by chemotherapy. The patient was followed up for 1 year with no relapse. Conclusion: A case of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the parotid gland was treated with a superficial parotidectomy and chemotherapy. The disease was well controlled after a 1 year follow-up.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 2020

The salivary glands secrete saliva, which plays a role in the maintenance of a healthy oral environment. Under physiological conditions, saliva secretion within the acinar cells of the gland is regulated by stimulation of specific calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling mechanisms such as increases in the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) via storeoperated Ca²⁺ entry, which involves components such as Orai1, transient receptor potential (TRP) canonical 1, stromal interaction molecules, and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP₃) receptors (IP₃Rs). Homer proteins are scaffold proteins that bind to G protein-coupled receptors, IP₃Rs, ryanodine receptors, and TRP channels. However, their exact role in Ca²⁺ signaling in the salivary glands remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of Homer2 in Ca²⁺ signaling and saliva secretion in parotid gland acinar cells under physiological conditions. Deletion of Homer2 (Homer2^-/-) markedly decreased the amplitude of [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations via the stimulation of carbachol, which is physiologically concentrated in parotid acinar cells, whereas the frequency of [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations showed no difference between wild-type and Homer2^-/- mice. Homer2^-/- mice also showed a significant decrease in amylase release by carbachol in the parotid gland in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Homer2 plays a critical role in maintaining [Ca²⁺]_i concentration and secretion of saliva in mouse parotid gland acinar cells.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2008

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been known to regulate many physiological and pathological processes, especially the glandular secretion and blood flow. However, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) responsible for NO synthesis has not been well studied ultrastructurally in rat salivary gland. The present study was performed to investigate the distribution of nitric Oxide synthase isoforms (endothelial. neuronal, and inducible NOS). Immunoelectron microscopic study, using monoclonal mouse anti-endothelial NOS, anti-neuronal NOS, and anti-inducible NOS, was performed in the salivary gland of rat. Endothelial NOS (eNOS)-positive immunoreactivities were most prominent in the secretory granules of serous cells of the salivary gland of the rat. Immunoreactivities were well concentrated on serous secretory granules in the serous cells. However, weak eNOS-positive immunoreactivity was observed in the mucous secretory granules of the mucous cells. Positive endothelial NOS (eNOS) immunoreactivities were most prominent in the secretory granules of intralobular ducts. Ductal secretory granules and acinar serous secretory granules have a similar pattern of labeling as eNOS suggestings. Neural NOS (nNOS)-positive immunoreactivity was not detected in duct systems or in acinar cells. Inducible NOS (iNOS)-positive immunoreactivity was not seen in acinar and ductal cells. These results reveal the presence of eNOS in the salivary gland of the rat, which may be related with regulation of the glandular secretion and blood flow through the gland.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1990

Retrospective analysis of survival rates was undertaken in the patients of 58 cases treated with conventional radiation therapy for malignant salivary gland tumors between January 1975 and December 1984 in Korea Cancer Center Hospital (KCCH). They were patients whose long-term follow-up was possible and who had refused surgery or had had recurrences postoperatively. Out of 58 patients, 25 patients ($43.1\%$) had mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 24 patients ($41.3\%$) adenoid cystic carcinoma. Total actuarial survival rates at 5 years and 10 years were $68.2\%\;and\;31.8\%$ respectively, but disease-free survival rates, $43.2\%\;and\;13.0\%$, respectively. According to TNM stage, the survival rates at 5 years were $86.5\%$ in $T_1,\;40.0\%\;in\;T_2+T_3,\;and\;0\%\;in\;T_4$. In terms of histologic types, 5 years disease-free survival rate of adenoid cystic carcinomas ($40.1\%$) was lower than that of mucoepidermoid carcinomas ($49.8\%$) but overall survival rate ($77.3\%$) was much higher than that of mucoepidermoid carcinomas ($51.5\%$). There-fore, we concluded that the patients, who had had disease after failure of treatment, could survive during a certain period of time and their alive times were 2 years on the average. There was a difference in survival rates in the mucoepidermoid carcinomas in terms of histological grade of differentiation and it was a arbiter in prognosis: 5 YSR of low-grade was $78.8\%$ and higher 2 times than that of high-grade. There was no difference in survival rates according to location and sex. The number of patients having minor salivary gland tumors was 6 cases and their actuarial 5 YSR was $32.3\%$. Consequently, prognostic factors which influence the survival rates of patients with malignant salivary gland tumors are thought to be 1) histological subtypes 2) T and N staging (AJCC) 3) histological grade, especially in mucoepidermoids.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2008

The present study was based on the multicenter study and retrospective method of 200 patients with intraoral minor salivary gland tumors which were received at the Yonsei university dental hospital, Soonchunhyang Bucheon hospital and Yonsei university Severance hospital from 1990 to 2006. In this study, 61.5% of the cases were benign tumor and 38.5% were malignant tumor. Of the benign tumors, pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor (n=104) and Warthin's tumor, lymphangioma, myoepithelioma and basal cell adenoma were followed. Of the malignant tumors, adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor (n=32) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma were followed. The most common primary tumor location was palate. The result of this study was compared with other previous reviews and showed some differences.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2013

On this study, we treated rats with restraint stress, and observed the changes with an optical microscope. Within the salivary gland tissue, we measured cell apoptosis cycle evaluation which show positive reaction on TUNEL assay, and compared within the groups. For this study, 18 rats were divided into 3 groups; 1) 2 rats of group I were selected as a normal control. 2) 2 rats of group II, as a experimental control were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours 3) 14 rats of group III were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours once a day. The rats were sacrificed immediately (group II, as a experimental control), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7days after application of the stress and the both parotid glands were excised. The conclusions follow. 1. 5 days after giving an confining stress to the parotid gland of Rats, we can observe the hypotropy and pus and inflammation of Rat parotid gland acinar cells, and after 7 days, we can see a cell apoptosis. 2. Through the In situ DNA end labeling assay and TUNEL dye, on serous glands, benign tumor cell increased with statistically significant result after 5 days from confining stress. And the index shows maximum value on 7th days, which is same result with histological opinion. Therefore, our study shows that a cell apoptosis can be induced by restraint stress on salivary gland tissue, and we think more study should be accomplished about the cell signaling pathway in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2004

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is malignant tumor in salivary gland, and its behavior is very invasive. Of all malignant tumor adenoid cystic carcinoma is occured in frequency of 4.4% in major salivary gland, and 1.29% in minor salivary gland. Histopathologically, adenoid cystic carcinoma is characterized by a cribriform appearance, and tubular form and solid nest type tumor can be seen. The tumor cell structure composed of modified myoepithelial cell, and basaloid cell. Extracellular matrix of this tumor cell contains variable ground substance with basement membrane component. Basement membrane matrix composed of collagen fibers, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and its function is well known that it participate in differentiation, proliferation, and growth of tumor cell. Basement membrane molecule is essential for invasion of peripheral nerve, blood vessel, skeletal muscle in tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma. In many studies, the tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma containing modified myoepithelial cell participate in synthesis of proteoglycan. In this study, tissue sample of adenoid cystic carcinoma of human salivary gland were obtained from 15 surgical specimen, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial $4-{\mu}m$ thick sections were cut from paraffin blocks. the histopathologic evaluation was done with light microscopy. And, the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of glycosaminoglycan were observed. For biochemical analysis of glycosaminoglycan, isolation of crude glycosaminoglycan from tumor tissue and Western bolt analysis were carried out. With transmission electomicroscopy, tumor cell were observed. Biologic behavior of adenoid cystic carcinoma was observed with distribution and expression of basement membrane of glycosaminoglycan in tumor cells, The results obtained were as follows: 1. In immunohistochemical study, chondroitin sulfate is postively stained in tumor cell and interstitial space, dermatan sulfate is weakly stained in ductal cell. But keratan sulfate is negatively stained. 2. In immunohistochemical study, heparan sulfate is strong positive stained in tumor cell and basement membrane, especially in invasion area to peripheral nerve tissue. 3. In transmission electromicroscpic view, the tumor cells are composed modifed myoepithelial cells, and contains many microvilli and rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. In Western blot analysis, the expression of glycosaminoglycan is expressed mostly in heparan sulfate. From the results obtained in this study, tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma is composed modified myoepithelial cell, and glycosaminoglycan of basement membrane molecule of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate mostly participate in the development and invasiveness of adenoid cystic carcinoma by immunohistochemical study and western blot analysis.