• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.879-887
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to establish a physiological injection protocol according to body weight, in order to minimize amount of contrast medium and optimize contrast enhancement in pediatric patients performing thoracic CT examinations. The 80 pediatric patients under the age of 10 were studied. Intravenous contrast material containing 300 mgI/ml was used. The group A injected with a capacity of 1.5 times its weight, and groups B, C and D added 5 to 15 ml of normal saline with a 10% decrease in each. The physiologic model which can be calculated by weight about amount of injection of contrast medium and normal saline, flow rate and delay time were applied. To assess image quality, measured average HU value and SNR of superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, ascending and descending aorta, right and left atrium, right and left ventricle. CT numbers of subclavian vein and superior vena cava were compared to identify the effects of reducing artifacts due to normal saline. Comparing SNR according to the contrast medium injection protocol, significant differences were found in superior vena cava and pulmonary artery, descending aorta, right and left ventricle, and CT numbers showed significant differences in all organs. In particular, B group with a 10% decrease in contrast medium and an additional injection of saline showed a low degree of contrast enhancement in groups with a decrease of more than 20%. In addition, the group injected with normal saline greatly reduced contrast enhancement of subclavian vein and superior vena cava, and the beam hardening artifact by contrast medium was significantly attenuated. In conclusion, the application of physiological protocol for injection of contrast medium in pediatric thoracic CT examinations was able to reduce artifacts by contrast medium, prevent unnecessary use of contrast medium and improve the effect of contrast enhancement.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-97
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• 2008

Objectives : We investigated the effects of distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture on autonomic nervous system with the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) in adult man. as well as we tried to observe how distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture on the balance of the autonomic nervous system. Methods : We investigated on 58 healthy volunteers consisted of 28 subjects in experiment(distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture) group and 30 subjects in control(Normal Saline) group. Study form was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. 28 subjects in experiment group were injected distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture at $GB_{21}$(Kyonjong) and 30 subjects in control group were injected Normal Saline at $G_{21}$(Kyonjong). except of 2 subjects(in control group) who can't be measured and 6 subjects(2 in experiment group and 4 in control group) who move or make unforceable error during measuring. Finally 26 subject in experiment group and 24 subject in control group are studied. We measured HRV by PolyG-I on 7 times : before and after injection per 5 minutes during 30 minutes. The SPSS 10.0 for windows was used to analyze the data and the paired t-test(in group) and Student t-test(between two groups) were used to verify the result. Results : 1. After distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture injection, Mean HRV is significantly low only for first 5 minute, SDNN is significantly high after 5 minute, Complexity is significantly low only from 20 minute to 25 minute. HRV index is significantly high for first 5minute and from 10 minute to after 10 minute. 2. HRV index of distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture Group significantly increased from 25 minute to 30 minute, and pNN50 of Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture Group significantly decreased from 20 minute to 30 minute compared with those of Normal Saline group. 3. After distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture injection, Ln(TP) and Ln(VLF) are significantly high after injection. Normalized LF is significantly high from 5 minute to 20 minute and from 25 minute and 30 minute. Normalized HF is significantly low from 5minute to 20 minute and from 25 minute and 30 minute. 4. Ln(TP) and Ln(VLF) of distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture Group significantly increased from 20 minute to 25 minute compared with those of Normal Saline group. Conclusions : The results suggest that Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture in healthy adult man tend to activate the autonomic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system compared to Normal Saline within normal range.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

Background: The toxicity of paraquat has been known to be caused by oxygen free radicals which leads to the lipid peroxidation and multiple organ failure. High dose vitamin C has been known to be a effective antioxidant activities against the paraquat intoxication. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of regular injection of high dose vitamin C on liver damage in paraquat poisoned rat model. Method: Fifty five rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into three groups: control group, only intraperitoneally injected saline; paraquat group, single dose intraperitoneally injected paraquat(24.5%, 40 mg/kg) and every 8 hours injected saline; paraquat and vitamin C group, single dose intraperitoneally injected paraquat(24.5%, 40 mg/kg) and every 8 hours injected vitamin C(72 mg/kg). Rats were sacrificed on the 12 hours, 1st day, 2nd day, 4th day, 7th day after injection and liver tissue was obtained. H&E(Hematoxylin & Eosin) stain and Masson's trichrome stain for collagen fiber detection were undertaken. The results were observed using the microscope. Results: 1. There were no differences between control and experimental group at the 12hours after regular injection of high dose vitamin C. 2. There were significantly decreased liver damage in experimental group in the 1st day after regular injection of high dose vitamin C. 3. There were significantly increased recovery of liver damage with time in experimental group after regular injection of high dose vitamin C. Conclusion: These results suggest that regular injection of high dose vitamin C is effective in decreasing liver damage in paraquat intoxication.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 1985

In order to know the effects of ginseng on the stress, histochemical and electron microsbopic observations were carried out of the adrenal cortex on the stressed rats. The experiments were carried out as follow : non-stressed after saline injection (S-NS-AD), stressed after saline injection (S-S-AD), non-stressed after ginseng injection (G-NS-AD), stressed after ginseng injection (G-S-AD). Saline and ginseng extract were treated by peritoneal injection for 30 days. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Histologically a number of small lipid droplets are found more in S-S-AD group than in S-NS-AD group, whereas in ginseng treated groups numerous large lipid droplets are found. Histochemically cholesterol and its ester, glycolipid, phospholipid and glycogen are highly found in ginseng-treated groups. On the other hand, glycogen and cholesterol are also observed in S-S-AD group. Electron microscopically a numbers of lipid droplets are observed in S-S-AD, G-NS-AD and G-S-AD group, especially large lipid droplets and moderate glycogen are found in G-NS-AD and G-S-AD group. In ginseng-treated groups and S-S-AD group, dilated SER, extended intercellular space and dense bodies are observed, and the filopodiae are found in G-S-AD group. These data suggest that ginseng was activate the metabolism and synthesis of the adrenal cortical cells on the stress.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is that in coronary artery angiography computed tomography (coronary CTA), to gain high quality of image and to use low dose radiation by administrating normal saline and converting the mode of scanning heart rate (HR) characteristics before infusing contrast media. All patients data (total specimens: 200, male: 108, female: 92) were measured by using appropriate mode of scanning the heart rate (HR) after injection of saline. in addition we measured radiation dose (CTDIvol, effective dose) in all examinations. CT number and noise, and blurring of coronary artery (proximal RCA, middle RCA, proximal LCA) were measured and compared. The result of this study after injection of saline, mean heart rate was decreased about $4.8{\pm}0.3bpm$ (beats per minute). 33 patients (13%) got converting scan mode due to reducing heart rate (HR). In prospective gating mode, radiation dose were measured less $6.0{\pm}1.0mSv$ (54.1%) than retrospective gating mode. Also showed a significant difference in heart rate decrease in image evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

It was reported that there were some cases in which signal was not inhibited but high signal appeared in cerebrospinal fluid on FLAIR(fluid attenuated inversion recovery) of MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) in case a person inhales high-concentration oxygen. This study was to prepare basic database. We produced a phantom fixed with agar gel and by using it, obtained the images of the signals of normal saline into which oxygen was injected and normal saline diluted with contrast media by changing the TI(Inversion Time) of FLAIR technique and analyzed them. In the result of FLAIR technique of MRI using Philips Achieva MR 3.0T in Busan P Hospital, the SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) of normal saline into which oxygen was injected was higher than the SNR of normal saline into which oxygen was not injected. However, it was not higher than the SNR of normal saline diluted with contrast media. In the TI 1,800ms, we could obtain the images which do not have the rise of the signal due to oxygen. In the CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio) of normal saline into which oxygen was injected and normal saline diluted with contrast media as well, it was higher in the TI 1,800ms than in the TI 2,800ms that is mainly used clinically. It is thought that the result of this study could be basic database for studies on change of signal of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of injection of oxygen in FLAIR technique of MRI.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2015

We performed injection tests in a deep-seated confined aquifer to assess the potential of artificial recharge as a means of preventing saltwater contamination, thereby securing groundwater resources for the Nakdong Delta area of Busan City, Korea. The study area comprises a confined aquifer, in which a 10-21-m-thick clay layer overlies 31.5-36.5 m of sand and a 2.8-11-m-thick layer of gravel. EC logging of five monitoring wells yielded a value of 7-44 mS/cm, with the transition between saline and fresh water occurring at a depth of 15-38 m. Above 5 m depth, water temperature is 10-15.5℃, whereas between 5 and 50 m depth the temperature is 15.5-17℃. Approximately 950 m³ of fresh water was injected into the OW-5 injection well at a rate of 370 m³/day for 62 hours, after which the fresh water zone was detected by a CTD Diver installed at a depth of 40 m. The persistence of the fresh water zone was determined via EC and temperature logging at 24 hours after injection, and again 21 days after injection. We observed a second fresh water zone in the OW-2 well, where the first injection test was performed more than 20 days before the second injection test. The contact between fresh and saline water in the injection well is represented by a sharp boundary rather than a transitional boundary. We conclude that the injected fresh water occupied a specific space and served to maintain the original water quality throughout the observation period. Moreover, we suggest that artificial recharge via long-term injection could help secure a new alternative water resource in this saline coastal aquifer.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

Background: The role of nitric oxide(NO) in analgesia from opioids is controversial. On the one hand, IV morphine analgesia is enhanced by IV injection of NO synthase inhibitors. On the other hand, IV morphine results in increased release of NO in the spinal cord. There have been no behavioral studies examining the interaction between IV morphine and intrathecal injection of drugs which affect NO synthesis. Method: Rats were prepared with chronic lumbar intrathecal catheters and were tested withdrawal latency on the hot plate after 3~5 days of surgery. Antinociception was determinined in response to a heat stimulus to the hind paw before and after IV injection of morphine, 2.5 mg/kg. Twenty minutes after morphine injection, rats received intrathecal injection of saline or the NO synthase inhibitors, L-NMMA or TRIM, the NO scavenger, PTIO, or the NO synthase substrate, L-Arginine. Intrathecal injections, separated by 15 min, were made in each rats and measurements were obtained every 5 min. Result: Mophine produced a 60~70% maximal antinociceptive response to a heat stimulus in all animals for 60 min in control experiments. Intrathecal injection of idazoxane decreased antinociception of IV morphine. The NO synthase inhibitors and the NO scavenger produced dose-dependent decreases in antinociceptive effect of morphine, whereas saline as a control group and L-Arginine as the NO substrate had no effect on antinociception of morphine. Conclusion: The present study supports the evidences that systemic morphine increase the nitrite in cerebrospinal fluid and dorsal horn. These data suggest that the synthesis of NO in the spinal cord may be important to the analgesic effect of IV morphine and increased NO in spinal cord has different action from the supraspinal NO.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2017

Background: Every patient who undergoes mandibular third molar surgery is concerned about post-operative pain. Indeed, previous researchers have used various methods to treat such pain. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of sublingual injection of dexamethasone (8 mg) to treat post-operative pain after mandibular third molar surgery. Method: This was a randomized, double-blind, split-mouth, clinical trial, involving 48 healthy patients who required surgical removal of two mandibular third molars with similar bilateral positions. All operations were performed by the same experienced surgeon. The patients were randomized into a study group (8 mg dexamethasone injection) and a placebo group (normal saline injection). Both interventions were injected into the sublingual space immediately after local anesthesia, 30 min before the first incision. The study group received an 8 mg dexamethasone injection, while the placebo group received a normal saline injection. The wash period between the patients' two operations was 3 to 4 weeks. Pain was assessed by recording the number of analgesic tablets (rescue drug) consumed, as well as by noting the patients' responses to the visual analog scale (VAS) on the first, second, and third days after surgery. Results: The study group differed significantly from the placebo group in terms of VAS score and analgesic consumption. Conclusion: Dexamethasone (8 mg), injected sublingually, significantly eased post-operative pain after surgical removal of the mandibular third molar.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2007

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has a local effect at the neuromuscular junction by blocking acetylcholine release and thus causing paralysis and atrophy of the affected muscles. In dentistry, Botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) is used for the treatment of masseteric hypertrophy, temporomandibular disorder, and severe bruxism related neurologic disorder. We hypothesized that the muscle atrophy after BTX-A injection into masseter muscle in growing rats, could affect the jaw growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the BTX-A injected into the masseter muscle on the jaw growth in rats. Rats were divided into four groups(group 1; control group, group 2; saline injection group, group 3; BTX-A injection group, group 4; baseline control group). Group 4 was sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment to provide baseline values of jaw measurements. The weight, length and width of jaw in those groups were measured every weeks. This study reported that the mandibular body length, condylar length, coronoid process length, anterior region height, coronoid process height and condylar height of the jaw in BTX-A injection group were shorter than those of the control and saline injection groups(P<0.05). In conclusion, BTX-A injected into the masseter muscle may affect the undergrowth of the jaw in rats.