• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2023

The salt concentration process in electrodialysis, which uses electrical energy to enhance ion concentrations in an aqueous electrolyte solution, has been studied on the transfer phenomenon of ions and water molecules over the ion exchange membrane. In this paper, we investigated various parameters for limiting concentration of electrolyte solution and the electroosmosis phenomenon in an electrodialysis system by varying salt concentration of electrolyte solution. The electroosmotic water transport was analyzed by measuring the ions and water fluxes in electrolyte solutions having two different NaCl concentrations (NaCl 2M/4M), and concentration change was observed for various volume ratios of the diluted reservoir to the concentration one As a result, it was found that the higher concentration of the aqueous electrolyte solution, the lower electroosmosis, and the higher volume ratio led to a higher concentration in the dilute reservoir, so the limiting concentration was enhanced and the specific energy consumption decreased.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1974

The influence, upon male rat's mating behavior, of Korean Panax Ginseng administered for 3 and 5 days was investigated by direct behavioral observation and also by counting the number of copulation plugs the animals deposited. Four쇼-four male albino rats were used. Part of the animals received ginseng for 3 days (ginseng-3 day group, N= 12) or for 5 days(ginseng-5 day group, H=10), while the remaining animals received saline for 3 days (saline-3 day group, N=12) or for 5 days (saline-S day group, N=10). Each animal belonging to the 2 ginseng groups received subcutaneously 0.5 ml/100 g body weight of ginseng alcohol extract solution (4 mg of the ethyl alcohol extract in 1 ml of physiological saline), and each rat belonging to the 2 saline groups received the same amount of saline per day. During the dark period of the light-dark cycle on the next day following the last drug administration, a female rat in the artificial estrus was introduced to each male and the mating behavior was observed for 45 minutes. The observation session was divided into two parts and, in the early part which terminated with the first ejaculation and succeeding intromission, following behavioral measures were taken: mounting latency, intromission latency, inter-intromission period, ejaculatory latency(time from the first intromission until the first ejaculation), occurrence of mounting with intromission, occurrence of mounting without intromission, and postejaculatory interval. Behavioral measures taken in the later part of the session after the first ejaculation were: occurrence of mounting with intromission, occurrence of mounting without intromission, and occurrence of ejaculation. Immediately after the behavioral observation session the experiment turned to measure, for 10 days, the number of copulation plug which each pair of rats deposited. Following results were obtained: 1. After several mountings mounting with intromission, males of the 2 ginseng groups finished the first ejaculation significantly earlier than the corresponding 2 saline groups did. 2. The postejaculatory latency was significantly reduced in the ginseng-5 day group compare with the value of the saline-5 day group and also compared with the value of the ginseng-3 day group. 3. The 2 ginseng groups ejaculated significantly more often in 45 minutes' observation session than the corresponding 2 saline groups did. 4. The number of copulation plug deposited in 10 days by the animals of the 2 ginseng groups. significantly exceeded the number deposited by the corresponding 2 saline group animals. The animals of the ginseng-5 day group deposited copulation plugs significantly more than the animals of the ginseng-3 day group did. It is inferred from the above results that the ginseng facilitates mating behavior of male rats, and that the degree of facilitation may be influenced by the duration of drug administration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.565-568
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• 2012

There are various kinds of cereals used in sunsik manufacturing. Different harmful microorganisms that can contaminate these cereals have been reported. According to the different sizes of cereals used, black bean, black rice, and millet were artificially contaminated with Escherichia $Coli.$ $E.$ $coli$ contamination in cereal samples was detected after different washing steps under different conditions. The increase of washing time did not have any effect with regard to reducing $E.$ $coli$ in samples. Among several ratios between the washing solution and sample, 2:1 that have little influence to reduce $E.$ $coli$ contamination have been determined. The temperature of the washing solution is an influencing factor as well. Washing with solution at $40^{\circ}C$ could reduce 1 log of $E.$ $coli$ in samples. Among different concentrations of saline used as a washing solution, 5% could reduce 2~3 log $E.$ $coli$ in contaminated samples. However, the saline adds a salty taste to cereals when used during the washing step. To remove that, an extra washing step and large amount of washing solution are necessary in sunsik manufacturing.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 1993

Hematotoxicity and vascular irritation of DA-125, a new anthracycline antitumor antibiotic, were investigated in mice and rabbits. In hematotoxicity study, healthy male ICR mice were treated with DA-125 by a single intravenous injection at doses of 18 and 24 mg/kg. After 4, 8, 12 and 16 days WBC count, RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, and platelet counts were measured respectively. As a positive control, 12 mg/kg of doxorubicin (DXR) was used in the same manner. Remakable reductions of WBC counts in groups treated with DA-125 or DXR were observed 4 days after administration and returned to normal range 8 days after injection in groups of DA-125 18 mg/kg and DXR 12 mg/kg. The recovery of leukopenia induced in a group of DA-125 24 mg/kg took about 16 days after administration. The RBC counts, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values also decreased in all drug treated groups on day 8 and recovered thereafter. The platelet counts of groups treated with DA-125 or DXR decreased on day 4 and recovered from day 8 of experiment. Local vascular irritation of DA-125 was also assessed in rabbits. The obtained results can be summarized as follows. 1. Thrombophlebitis was not induced even after daily intravenous administration of 0.4% solution of DA-125 or 0.2% solution of DXR for 7 days. 2. Macro- and microscopic observations revealed that the irritative activity of 0.4% solution of DA-125 in blood vessels was not so much different from that of saline when they were injected once a day into vein retroauricularis of rabbits for 7 days. 3. Mild inflammatory reaction was noted around vessels in rabbits treated with 0.2% solution of DXR after consecutive intravenous infusion for more than 5 days. 4. The potencies of vascular irritation of the test solutions were summarized in the following order; saline = 0.4% DA-125<0.2% DXR. These results indicated that DA-125 showed similar pattern of hematotoxicity with DXR but was less hematotoxic than DXR, and that 0.4% solution of DA-125 did not elicit unusual toxic properties when injected through intravenous route for clinical practice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1999

A preservation test of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites for considerable time was tried to obtain simple and economical methods using various suspending media at $4^{\circ}C$ rather than serial passage of the parasite in mice. The preservation period was a term that the tachyzoites were detected from the peritoneal fluid of mice after inoculation of 2$\times$$10^5$ organisms preserved according to the lapse of time. The numbers of tachyzoite per 1\textrm{mm}^3$ of the peritoneal fluid with 2$m\ell$ of the saline solution taken in 4days after inoculation were presented as percentage in proportion to the control. The numbers. of tachyzoite per 1\textrm{mm}^3$ of the peritoneal fluid of the control were consisted of the average number of the tachyzoites of 10 mice inoculated with 2$\times$$10^5$ organisms by serial mouse passage. The tachyzoites could be preserved for 26 days in the suspending medium of saline solution at $4^{\circ}C$ Ringer's solution for 18 days, Hank's solution for 28 days, and egg-glycerine solution for 50 days.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2023

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of prehydration solution on hearing thresholds after cisplatin chemotherapy. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the data of patients who underwent ≥3 courses of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancers at a tertiary referral center (n=64). The dextrose solution (DW) group (n=26) received 2 L of normal saline and 1 L of 5% dextrose. The Hartmann solution (HS) group (n=38) received 2 L of normal saline and 1 L of HS. Hearing data were measured 1 day before starting the first course of chemotherapy, and again 20 days after the first, second, and third courses of chemotherapy. The severity of hearing loss was evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Results: Thresholds at all frequencies after chemotherapy were greater in the DW group than in the HS group. The increase in thresholds in 1 to 4 kHz after the third course of chemotherapy was greater in the DW group than in the HS group. CTCAE grades after the second and third courses of chemotherapy were greater in the DW group than in the HS group. Logistic regression showed that the odds ratio for CTCAE grade 3 or 4 after the third course of chemotherapy in the DW group was 4.84 on univariate analysis. Conclusion: Prehydration using a solution with salt was associated with a decrease in change in hearing thresholds after cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.33-36
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• 1970

A study was planned to see if the ginseng has any influence upon the weight of viscera of male and female rats. One hundred and ten male rats (body weight: $35{\sim}40\;gm$ at the beginning of the experiment) and an equal number of females with similar body weight were use4 Excluding 10 male and 10 females which served as controls, these rats were divided equally into 4 groups (male ginseng group, male saline group, female ginseng group and female saline group), each of which comprising 50 animals. For 45 days, the male and female ginseng groups received every day 0.6 m1/100 gm body weight of ginseng extract solution (4 mg of ginseng alcohol extract in 1 ml of saline) subcutaneously, and the male and female saline groups received the same amount of physiological saline. Each group was further divided into 5 subgroups comprising 10 animals, and the 10 control rats and each subgroups were sacrificed immediately before, and 5, 15, 35, 35, and 45 days after beginning of the drug administration, respectively. The body weight of each subgroup was checked immediately before sacrificing it, and the heart, lung, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, spleen, and testis or uterus of each animal were weighed with a torsion balance. Following results were obtained: 1. Ginseng significantly facilitated gain in weight of testis and spleen as well as body weight of rats from 35th day after beginning of the drug administration on, but not before this time. 2. Ginseng did not exert significant influence upon the weight of heart, lung, liver, tidney, adrenal gland, and uterus of the rat.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.645-652
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• 1999

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of bovine amniotic membrane grafts on healing of full-thickness skin wound in dogs. Two $3cm{\times}3cm$ area-matched full-thickness skin wounds were induced bilaterally on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 15 dogs. Chlorhexidine-treated amnion, dried amnion, silver sulfadiazine and 0.9% sterile saline solution were applied on the wound area and examined grossly and histopathologically. Begining 14 days after wounding, amnion applied group had appreciably less amount of inflammatory exudate and hemorrhage than sulfadiazine and saline treated groups. From 14 days after wounding, the degree of wound contraction in amnion groups, especially in the dried amnion group was greater than that of the sulfadiazine and saline treated groups. The percentages of wounds completely healed on 28 days after wounding in saline treated group, chlorhexidine-treated amnion group, dried amnion group and sulfadiazine treated group were 33%, 50%, 83% and 50%, respectively. Microscopically neovascularization and fibrosis were first noticed on 5 days after wounding in the dried amnion group and sulfadiazine treated group, on 7 days in the chlorhexidine-treated amnion group and on 14 days in the saline treated group. Epithelialization in the dried amnion and sulfadiazine treated groups was first noticed on 9 days after wounding, which was faster than that in the other groups. The present study suggests that bovine amniotic membrane, especially dried bovine amnion is effective on healing of full-thickness skin wound in dogs through both wound contraction and epithelialization.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.51-65
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was built to investigate the effect of Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture on the Collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of Bovine type II collagen solution into base of tail. Experimental group were divided into 5 groups ; Normal(N) group, Control(C) group, Trachelospermi Caulis high(TH) group, Trachelospermi Caulis low(TL) group, Saline(S) group(n=7 for each group). Normal group was had no management. Control group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken no treatment. Trachelospermi Caulis high group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken high-intensity(10mg/kg) herbal-acupuncture treatment on $ST_{36}$. Trachelospermi Caulis low group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken low-intensity(5mg/kg) herbal-acupuncture treatment on $ST_{36}$. Saline group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken saline injection on $ST_{36}$. Body weight, paw edema volume and ankle joint thickness were measured during experimental day. On the last experimental day, we analyzed WBC count, TNF-$\alpha$ & IL-$1{\beta}$ concentration, c-fos immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry for evaluating the effect of Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture. Results : The results were as follows ; 1. In the change of paw edema volume, TH group only has significant difference compared with C group. 2. In the change of ankle joint thickness, TH group only has significant difference compared with C group. 3. In WBC count of serum, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. 4. In TNF-$\alpha$ concentration of effusion, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. and TH group has significant decrease compared with TL group. 5. In IL-$1{\beta}$ concentration of effusion, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. and TH group has significant decrease compared with TL group. 6. In c-fos positive neurons of S1S2(cortex) region, TH, TL, S groups have significant decrease compared with C group. 7. In NADPH-d positive neurons of CPu(caudate putamen) region, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. 8. In NADPH-d positive neurons of Tfp(transverse fibers of pons) region, TH, TL, S groups have significant decrease compared with C group. and TH group has significant decrease compared with S group. Conclusions : According to above results, we hope that Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture may have the effect that decreases progression and development of CIA. And it can be suggested that Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture may reduce the expression of c-fos and NOS.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the substantivity of experimentally developed gel type tetracycline HCl and a mixture of tetracycline-citric acid gel, and compare to those of solution type tetracycline HCl. 11 extracted anterior teeth were subjected to this study. After scaling and root planing teeth were randomly divided into 3 treatments groups : group 1; 3 teeth were irrigated with tetracycline HCl(50mg/ml) solution , group 2; tetracycline gel (5%) was inserted in the periodontal pockets of 3 teeth, group 3; a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid gel was inserted in the pockets of 3 teeth. And 2 teeth treated in 0.9 % sterile saline served as controls. After 5-minute exposure, each tooth immediately extracted and incubated at room temperature for 22 days in tris-buffered saline as a desorption media. The total volume of TBS was removed and replaced with fresh TBS, at 24-h intervals. Removed desorption media transferred to a sterile vial and stored at -70 oC. This procedure was repeated every 24 h throughout the 22-day desorption period. Using Porphyromonas gingivalis as an indicator organism, a microtiter assay was used to evaluate antimicrobial activity desorbed from the teeth. 1. 50mg/ml tetracycline HCl solution exhibited the longest antimicrobial activity. Compared to saline treated group, it showed significant difference on the day 1 and day 2 desorption period. 2. The ODs of 5% tetracycline gel and a mixture of tetracycline-citric acid gel were significantly different during the first 24 hour only. 3. There was no statistically significant difference after the day 3 between the groups.(p<0.05). Despite our expectation a mixture of tetracycline-citric acid gel did not show longer antimicrobial activities than those of tetracycline gel, and the solution type exhibited the longest activities. Because the gel type agents may stay in the subgingival environment longer than the solution, if the teeth were not extracted immediately after the delivery of the agent, the result could be different. hus this result suggests the possibilities of practical use of these kind of gel type agents.