• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.255-266
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• 2024

The purpose is to evaluate evacuation safety by simulating the toxic effects of hydrogen fluoride leaks in areas surrounding national industrial complexes and to suggest alternatives for areas that do not satisfy evacuation safety. For human casualties caused by hydrogen fluoride leakage accidents, Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is calculated by the toxic effects quantified with the Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA), an off-site consequence assessment program. The Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) is calculated through Pathfinder, an evacuation simulation program. Evacuation safety is assessed by comparing ASET and RSET. The ALOHA program was used to evaluate the time to reach AEGL-2 concentration in 12 scenarios. The Pathfinder program was used to assess the total evacuation time of the high school among specific fire-fighting objects. Of the 12 accident scenarios, ASET was larger than RSET in the worst-case scenarios 1 and 9. For the remaining 10 accident scenarios, the ASET is smaller than the RSET, so we found that evacuation safety is not guaranteed, and countermeasures are required. Since evacuation safety is not satisfactory, we proposed to set up an evacuation area equipped with positive pressure equipment and air respirators inside specific fire-fighting objects such as the high school.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2017

Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the leading causes of economic losses in the beef and dairy industry. Reliable antemortem tools for diagnosing BRD would improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce costs. Here we examined whether the relatively simple technique of thoracoscopy can support BRD diagnosis under field conditions. We also compared various equipment set-ups in order to optimize the safety and efficacy of the procedure. A total of 24 thoracoscopic procedures were performed in 17 calves diagnosed with BRD and in 2 healthy control calves. Rigid and flexible endoscopes and industrial videoscopes were tested using various insertion approaches. The suitability of the technique was assessed in terms of duration, volume of air extracted, visualization score, and image quality. Safety was assessed in terms of rectal temperature, body weight, breaths/min, presence of fibrinogen, pain score, recovery time, intraoperative complications and risk of laceration or threatening collapse. Results: Insertion of a flexible endoscope via a right, dorso-caudal approach at the $5^{th}$ intercostal space allowed complete examination of the right lung in 15 min, as well as identification of main lung lesions and adherences in calves with BRD, without compromising calf welfare. While the dorso-caudal approach was optimal, it was associated with substantial discomfort when rigid endoscopes were used, minimal complications or mortality due to thoracoscopy were observed up to 28 days after the procedure. Videoscopes were as safe and easy to use as endoscopes, but endoscopes provided better image quality. Conclusion: This study provides the first field evidence that thoracoscopy can be safe to explore BRD-diseased calves. These results justify a larger study to rigorously assess the diagnostic performance of the technique.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.323-328
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• 2016

Objectives: A clean India is the responsibility of all Indians. One of the objectives of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Initiative) is to bring about behavioural changes regarding healthy sanitation practices. While large-scale programs in India have increased latrine coverage, they have to some extent failed to bring behavioural changes ensuring optimal latrine use, including the safe disposal of child faeces, which is a significant source of exposure to faecal pathogens. Hence, this study was done to explore child faeces disposal practices in rural West Bengal and to elicit the determinants of unhygienic faeces disposal. Methods: Data collection was done using an interview method among the mothers of 502 under-5 children, following a pre-designed, semi-structured schedule during house-to-house visits in a set of villages in the Hooghly district of West Bengal. Results: The prevalence of unsafe disposal of child faeces was 72.4%, and maternal education, per capita income, and water source were found to be significantly associated with unsafe child faeces disposal. Conclusions: This study draws attention to the unsafe disposal of child faeces in this area of India and raises questions about the efficiency of sanitation campaigns in rural India that focus on expanding coverage rather than emphasizing behavioural changes, which are crucial to ensure the safe disposal of child faeces. Thus, it is urgently necessary to strengthen efforts focusing on behavioural changes regarding the safe disposal of child faeces in order to minimise adverse health outcomes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2018

There is a lot of loss of life due to natural disasters. In particular, flood damage caused by heavy rainfall in urban areas causes serious damage. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a study on the optimal evacuation route for safe evacuation of urban areas. We set up a methodology by reviewing Flo-2D model and A* algorithm. A Flo-2D model was used to derive the hazardous area, and we selected the starting points with many people and suggested ways to select safe evacuation sites. And the route was derived from the starting point to the safe evacuation point by using the A * algorithm. This study could be used not only for evacuation route but also for road maintenance and evacuation facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.90-96
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to develop a model for safe work load based on a physiological model of metabolic energy of manual material handling tasks. Fifteen male subjects voluntarily participated in this study. Lifting activities with four different weights, 0, 8, 16, 24kg, and four different working frequencies (2, 5, 8, 11 lifts/min) for a lifting range from floor to the knuckle height of 76cm were considered. Oxygen consumption rates and heart rates were measured during the performance of sixteen different lifting activities. Simplified predictive equations for estimating the oxygen consumption rate and the heart rate were developed. The oxygen consumption rate and the heart rate could be expressed as a function of task variables; frequency and the weight of the load, and a personal variable, body weight, and their interactions. The coefficients of determination ($r^2$) of the model were 0.9777 and 0.9784, respectively, for the oxygen consumption rate and the heart rate. The model of oxygen consumption rate was modified to estimate the work load for the given oxygen consumption rate. The overall absolute percent errors of the validation of this equation for work load with the original data set was 39.03%. The overall absolute percent errors were much larger than this for the two models based on the US population. The models for the oxygen consumption rate and for the work load developed in this study work better than the two models based on the US population. However, without considering the biomechanical approach, the developed model for the work load and the two US models are not recommended to estimate the work loads for low frequent lifting activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2022

The existing method of deriving the fail-safe design requirements for the domestic developed rotary-wing aircraft system may miss the factors that cause critical system function failures, when being applied to the latest integrated avionics system. It is because the existing method analyzes the severity effect of the failures caused by a single item. To solve the issue, we present a systematic analysis procedure for deriving fail-safe design requirements of system architecture by utilizing functional hazard assessment and development assurance level analysis of SAE ARP4754A, international standard for complex system development. To demonstrate that our proposed procedure can be a solution for the aforementioned issue, we set up experimental environments that include common factors that can cause critical function failures of a system, and we conducted a cross-validation with the existing method. As a result, we showed that the proposed procedure can identify the potential critical common factors that the existing method have missed, and that the proposed procedure can derive fail-safe design requirements to control the common factors.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2018

Purpose: To investigate set-up errors, suggest the adequate planning target volume (PTV) margin and image-guided radiotherapy frequency in head and neck (H&N) cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) assessed by kV cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: We analyzed 360 CBCTs in 60 patients with H&N cancer treated with IMRT. The target delineation was contoured according to ICRU62. PTVs were generated by adding a 3-5 mm margin in all directions to the respective clinical target volumes. The kV CBCT images were obtained at first three days of irradiation and weekly thereafter. The overall mean displacement, range, systematic (${\Sigma}$) and random (${\sigma}$) errors were calculated. Adequate PTV margins were calculated according to the van Herk formula ($2.5{\Sigma}+0.7r$). Results: The mean of set-up errors was less than 2 mm in any direction. The overall frequency of set-up displacements greater than 3 mm was 3.9% in medial-lateral (ML) direction, 8% in superior-inferior (SI) direction, and 15.5% in anterior-posterior (AP) direction. The range of translations shifts was 0-9 mm in ML direction, 0-5 mm in SI direction and 0-10 mm in AP direction, respectively. After systematic set-up errors correction, the adequate margin to overcome the problem of set-up errors was found to be less than 3 mm. Conclusion: Image-guided kV CBCT was effective for the evaluation of set-up accuracy in H&N cancer. The kV CBCT at first three fractions and followed-by weekly appears adequate for reducing significantly set-up errors in H&N cancer treated with IMRT technique. Finally, 3-5 mm PTV margins appear adequate and safe to overcome the problem of set-up errors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2002

In this thesis using FTA technique, the author proposes a new method of analysis of some accidents in construction work. Some efficient plans of safe facility investment are made out. For this study, I referred to 'The Death Accident in Construction Works', which have been published by Korea Industrial Safety Corporation from 1993 to 1999 for 6 years. I selected some of apartment constructions which have caused many deaths for the purpose of analysis in the study. I found that the concrete work using ferro-deck takes more deaths than the conventional construction. After finding this, I selected GANG FORM works using ferro-concrete which is the most widely used but causes many accidents. On the basis of the classification, I try to do some quantitative analyses by adding the death frequency and material factors. In order to draw up the most efficient investment plan, it is imperative that FT diagram be made out and that factors. In order to draw up the most efficient investment plan, it is imperative that FT diagram be made out and that minimal Cut Set be needed. It requires a great deal to labor and time to get Minimal Cut Set. The Minimal Cut Set which is formed of these process is the main factor to analyze disaster in the work. It is desirable that we add calculated percentage of accidents to these factors to these factors in value order, that is to say, from the high cost to low cost.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.129-136
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• 2003

A representative payment broker system is SET and one of its signature shcemes is a dual digital signature scheme. A dual digital signature scheme expose neither user's payment information(credit card number etc.) to merchandiser, nor user's order information to bank So it keeps user's Privacy safe. The digital signature scheme like this is being necessary as E-commerce is revitalized. But a dual digital signature of SET is not appropriate for wireless environments because it needs so many computations and communications. In this paper, we propose a signcryption scheme that generates a polynomial using a payment information for merchandiser and an order information for bank in order to reduce communications. We analyze the problem of existing signcryption schemes and dual digital signature schemes. Also we analyze the security properties of the proposed scheme.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the single-dose toxicity and the safety of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts. Methods: Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Doses of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts were set at 0.25 mL (low-dose), 0.5 mL (medium-dose) and 1.0 mL (high-dose) for the test groups. A dose of 1.0 mL of normal saline solution was set for the control group. During 14 days, general symptoms, mortalities, and changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of all rats were observed. Results: No death was observed in all test groups. Any abnormal symptom was not observed in all of the groups. No significant changes in weight between the control group and the test groups were observed. In addition, no significant differences in the hematology signs, the blood biochemistry levels and the histopathological signs related to the Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts injection were observed. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture at doses of 1.0 mL or less may be consider safe and non-toxic. So, it can be used for therapy of obesity sufficiently. But further studies on this subject must be performed to confirm and verify this conclusion.