• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1331-1341
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• 2008

For providing basic data on estuary conservation and pattern of vegetation succession of sand bar, the flora of delta was investigated from March 2004 to August 2006 in the Nakdong River estuary of Korea. The flora in the eight surveyed areas was composed of total 159 taxa that belonged to 46 families, 123 genera, 133 species, 1 subspecies, 20 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, naturalized plants and evergreen broad trees were 31 taxa and 5 taxa, respectively. The communities of main species at delta of estuary were composed of 16 species such as Rosa rugusa community, Scirpus triqueter community, Phragmites communis community, Carex kobomugi community, Digitaria ciliaris community. Especially, Rosa rugusa community which are important to establish the southern limit line of distribution as the northern factor was distributed through Jinwoodo. The succession of main vegetation community in the new delta (Doyodeung) was in order of Carex scabrifolia, Scirpus triqueter, Phragmites communis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens. Therefore, the succession order of the surveyed area seems to predict the pattern of the vegetation succession of another deltas in Nakdong River estuary.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.95-101
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• 2014

In this study, we look at the current state of the inheritance system of family business in korea, you are trying to present a remedy for the activation of family business succession. The family business inheritance tax assistance benefits at the time, it is necessary to define the effect that offers the advantage of tax support to reflect correctly, the scope of its application subject property, easy to match the requirements of the family business succession is family business succession Small Business issue of effectiveness of the system has not emerged, there is a need to strengthen the requirements of family business succession that takes into account the reality of small and medium-sized enterprises. In addition, if you provide the inheritance tax deduction for the inheritance of the family business, only to inherit the family business of a substantial tax advantages help to move back, the provisions of the post-management is necessary.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2009

We analyzed the factors driving succession and the structure, and dynamics of vegetation on sand and gravel bars in order to clarify the differences in vegetation succession in rivers with different river bed substrates. Woody plant communities (dominated by Salix), perennial herb communities (dominated by Miscanthus), and annual plant communities (dominated by Persicaria) appeared in that order from upstream to downstream on the sandbar. The results of DCA ordination based on vegetation data reflected a successional trend. This result suggests that sandbars grow in a downstream direction. Various vegetation types different in successional stage, such as grassland, young stands of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), two-layered stands of young and mature pines, and mature pine stands also occurred on gravel bars, but the vegetation in earlier successional stage was established upstream, which is the opposite to the direction found on sandbars. Those results demonstrate that the dynamics of the bed load itself could be a factor affecting vegetation succession in rivers. In fact, sands suspended by running water were transported downstream over the vegetated area of sand bar and thereby created new areas of sandbar on the downstream end of the sandbar. Meanwhile, gravel, which is heavy and thereby is shifted by strong water currents, accumulated on the upstream end of the vegetated area, and thus created new areas of gravel bar in that direction. These results showed that allogenic processes drive vegetation succession on sand and gravel bars in streams and rivers.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.126-142
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• 2020

Background: Most of the Pinus densiflora forests, occupying the largest area, have been restored in South Korea since the 1970s. As young pioneer forests, the succession process is under way. Since the forests are distributed nationwide and are vulnerable to disturbances, the process may differ depending on the geography and/or site conditions. Therefore, we reviewed the direction, the seral communities, and the late-successional species of progressive and disturbance-driven succession nationwide in the cool-temperate zone through meta-analysis and empirical observations. Main text: As a result of a meta-analysis of the direct succession and vertical structure, we found that the P. densiflora forest is in a directionally progressive succession, changing to the broadleaved forest after forming a mixed forest with its overwhelming successor, Quercus species (particularly Q. mongolica and Q. serrata). In dry stands in a relative sense, the Quercus species was favored occupying over 80% of the abundance of the succeeding species. Therefore, in dry stands, it is presumed that Quercus-dominated stage would last for a long time due to the current dominance and long life span, and eventually, it settles as Quercus-broadleaved forest with a site change. Contrary to this, it is presumed that in mesic stands where Quercus species do not occur or have low abundance, the late-successional broadleaved species settle early to form a co-dominant forest with multiple species. Due to geographical limits, the species composition of the two late-successional forests is different. Disturbances such as insect pests and fire retrogressed vulnerable P. densiflora forest for a while. However, it was mostly restored to the Quercus forest and is expected to be incorporated in the pathway of the dry stand. Conclusions: We revealed the succession process of P. densiflora forests according to geography and moisture and found that stand moisture had a decisive effect on the species and abundance of the successor. Although the P. densiflora forest is undergoing structural changes, the forest is still young; so within a few decades, physiognomy is not likely to change. Therefore, the decrease in the forest area may be due to other causes such as disturbances and forest conversion rather than due to succession.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.438-453
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• 2019

Background: To investigate the trends of succession occurring at the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowlands of Jeju Island, we quantified the species compositions and the importance values by vegetation layers of Braun-Blanquet method on the Pinus thunbergii forests. We used multivariate analysis technique to know the correlations between the vegetation group types and the location environmental factors; we used the location environment factors such as altitudes above sea level, tidal winds (distance from the coast), annual average temperatures, and forest gaps to know the vegetation distribution patterns. Results: According to the results on the lowland of Jeju Island, the understory vegetation of the lowland Pinus thunbergii forests was dominated by tall evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum showing a vegetation group structure of the mid-succession, and the distribution patterns of vegetation were determined by the altitudes above sea level, the tidal winds on the distance from the coast, the annual average temperatures, and the forest gaps. We could discriminate the secondary succession characteristics of the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowland and highland of Jeju Island of South Korea. Conclusions: In the lowland of Jeju Island, the secondary succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica (mid-successional species)→Machilus thunbergii (late-successional species) sequence in the temperate areas with strong tidal winds. In the highland of Jeju Island, the succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Neolitsea sericea, Eurya japonica (mid-successional species)→Castanopsis sieboldii (late-successional species) sequence in the areas where tidal winds are weak and temperatures are relatively low. However, local differences between lowland and highland of Jeju Island will be caused by the micro-environmental factors resulting from the topographic differences and the supply of tree seeds. From the characteristics of succession study, we could properly predict and manage the Pinus thunbergii forest ecosystem on lowland and highland of Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to suggest the ecological management based on ecological characteristics of urban forest in Bucheon city. The actual vegetation area in the survey sites(7,426,587$m^2$) consisted of Robinuia pseudoacacia forest(61.6%; 5,574,168 $m^2$), Pinus rigida forest(6.1%), Quercus mongolica community(3.2%), Q.spp.community(2.9%), etc. According to the importance value of artificial planting forest, 58(/300$m^2$) survey plots were divided into 6 groups; 1) R. pseudoacacia forest, 2) R. pseudoacacia-Q.serrata community, 3) R. pseudoacacia-Q.mongolica community, 4) P.rigide forest, 5) P.rigida-Q.serrata community, 6) P.rigida-Q. mongolica community. As the result, the artificial planting forest was expected to the proceeded to Q. serrata community and Q.mongolica community. The ecological succesion stage in the survey sites (7,426,587$m^2$) was divided into 5 states based on actual vegetation, succession trend of artificial planting forest in Bucheon; 1) Stage of impossible succession(4.7%, 2)Stage of inducible succession(78.7%), 3) Stage of progressive succession(2.7%), 4)Sage of last succession(1.4%), 5)Stage of native plant forest(12.5%). The ecological management of urban forest was suggested as the management method for succession promotion, according to density controlling and native species planting in Bucheon. Individual numbers of R. pseudoacacia might be reduced to 6~8 individuals/300$m^2$ at canopy, 9~21 individuals/300$m^2$ at under-story by selective cutting in order to keep 63~70% of total basal area at R. pseudoacacia forest. Individual numbers of P.rigida might be reduced to 8~9 individuals/300$m^2$ at canopy, 27~30individuals/300$m^2$ at under-story by selective cutting in order to keep 68~75% of total basal area at P. rigida forest. 24 species that were selective by constancy analysis were chosen as the ecological appropriate species. Since, this studyis discussing the ares of urban forest and botanical ecology, it is suggested that a study on the relations between of environmental factors such as soil, climate, and vegetation will be performed in the future.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.139-159
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• 2023

As the founders of small and medium-sized businesses age, the issue of business succession becomes increasingly important. In this study, we empirically analyzed the impact of various human and institutional factors on corporate succession intentions, including the CEO's competency, the successor's competency, third-party stakeholders, and institutional factors such as legislation, taxation, and trust. We surveyed CEOs who were currently running small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and received a total of 201 valid questionnaires. We then conducted an empirical analysis using the multiple regression analysis method. Our results showed that both the CEO's competency and the successor's competency, which are human factors, had a significant positive impact on corporate succession intention. Institutional factors such as taxation and trust also had a significant positive impact on corporate succession intention. However, third-party stakeholders and legislation did not have a significant effect on corporate succession intention. Among the factors that had a significant impact, the size of the influence was in the order of successor's competency, CEO's competency, taxation, and trust. These research results have both academic and practical implications. By going beyond existing studies that focus solely on human factors, we have revealed that institutional factors such as taxation and trust have a very important impact on corporate succession.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.133-145
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• 2015

This study investigates the relationships between the characteristics of the succession process and organizational performance as well as the moderating roles of strategic HRM practices in these relationships. Data was collected from 256 successors and HR managers(128 for each) in South Korean family businesses where the succession process either had been completed or was currently underway around time of data collected and analyzed. Our results indicate that the provision of successor training is positively related to organizational performance, while the clarity of the incumbent's role after succession, communication of the decision regarding succession, and the incumbent's propensity to step aside are not significantly related to organizational performance. Further, our results confirm (a) the moderating effects of strategic staffing practices between communication of the decision regarding succession and organizational performance, and (b) the moderating effects of strategic staffing practices between the incumbent's propensity to step aside and organizational performance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.11-24
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• 2022

The average age of CEOs of the small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) in Korea is 58.8, and discussions are actively underway regarding the support towards the succession companies. Government authorities are also operating a system to support the succession companies, and recently global support is also being demanded. In order to have justification over the support for succession companies, the fact that it greatly contributes to the revitalization of the national economy and the regional economy must be acknowledged in advance. This study analyzed the degree of corporate succession revitalization of the national and regional economy through statistical and empirical analysis. With the purpose to secure the reliability of the analysis, the study has referred to the database of the "Integrated Management System for Small Business Recruitment Project" and the Korea Enterprise Data (KED), which can be the most differentiated aspect compared to the existing research of the past. According to the analysis, it shows that the old companies' performance is significantly higher than the general companies in terms of sales, number of employees, assets, and operating profits⋯etc. The management performance of the old companies (which lasted over 30 years) more than doubles the performance of the start-ups (with less than 10 years of experience) in sales, triples the number of employees, doubles the assets, and more than doubles the operating profit. Thus, it is seen that the contribution to the overall economy is significant. Additionally, as a result of the empirical analysis of the relationship between the regional old companies and the regional economic revitalization, the non-metropolitan area shows better performance than the metropolitan area in terms of the number of employees, assets, borrowings, and rent, which entails policy implications of the polarization between the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. In other words, it is found that old companies make a significant contribution to revitalizing the local economy, suggesting that further policies regarding corporate succession are required to support the old companies in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 1994

Stages of vegetation development on talus area were studied to examine temporal changes in species composition and vegetation structure, and to elucidate the mechanism of early patch formation. While ground coverage of lichens, which may form substrate for moss colonization and mitigate the heat-stress on rocks, decreased gradully, coverage of mosses increased slightly during primary succession. Ecological role of mossess related with water retention in community may be very important not only at pioneer stage but also at later stages because of little soil development on this talus area. Species diversity and species richness increased during the early stages of succession. Parthenocis년 tricuspidata and Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipa dominated in liana stage, Ulmus davidiana for. suberosa and Lindera obtusiloba in shrub stage, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Actinidia arguta in subtree stage, however, was composed of mixed forest of several tree species. U. davidiana for. suberosa, L. obtusiloba, Securinega suffruticosa and Rhus chinensis were relatively important woody species in early patch forming process. The results, however, suggested that early establishment on talus area might be strongly associated with chance for safe-site because both pioneer species and later species could take part in early patch forming process.