The purpose of this study is to evaluate hydrological impact by the land cover change of typhoon damage. For the typhoon RUSA (rainfall 1,402 mm) occurred in 2002 (August $31\;{\sim}$ September 1), satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM+ of September 29, 2000 and Landsat 5 TM of September 11, 2002 were selected, and each land cover was classified for Namdae-cheon watershed $192.7km^2$ located in the middle-eastern part of Korea Peninsula. SCS unit hydrograph for watershed runoff and Muskingum for streamflow routing of WMS HEC-1 was adopted. 30m resolution DEM & hydrological soil group using 1:50,000 soil map were prepared. The model was calibrated using three available data of storm events of 1985 to 1988 based on 1985 land cover condition. To predict the streamflow change by damaged land cover condition, rainfall of 50 years to 500 years frequency were generated using 2nd quantile of Huff method. The damaged land cover condition treated as bare soil surface increased streamflow of $50.1\;m^3/sec$ for 50 years rainfall frequency and $67.6\;m^3/sec$ for 500 years rainfall frequency based on AMC-I condition. There may be some speedy treatment by the government for the next coming typhoon damage.
This study was carried out in Osan river to quantitatively investigate behavior of attacked microbial community (AMC) for enhancing self-purification process of river. We gained the results such as follows throughout long-term monitoring at in-situ river. The biomass of AMC had higher in the riffle than the almost stagnant pool and they were more developed in the riffle with high current velocity (HCV). Although the fast flowing current affects negatively to growth of the AMC during the early phase when the community gets attached to the benthic substrate, it was observed that it affected positively to their growth during the intermediate and later phase after the community is adapted to the substrate. When turbulence due to external pressure (storm or discharge of dam and reservoir) occurs, the degree of separation depends upon the flowing strength and the type of the external pressure. Since the community is not all separated, recovery is rather fast. Therefore, this study found that the degree of reduction of the pollutant by self-purification of the stream is depended upon the riverbed shape and the AMC contributes to self-purification positively or negatively in river. Therefore, the riverbed shape must be constructed in accordance with the characteristics of water quality in stream. Furthermore, the technique of installing the water channel structure appropriate for each section must be developed to maximize self-purification ability.
Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
/
v.16
no.2
/
pp.3438-3453
/
1974
Unmeasured value of water for human lives is widely approved, but the water as one of natural resources cannot be evaluated with ease since it changes itself ceaselessly by flowing-out or transforming the phase. Major objectives of the study concerned consequently with investigating its potentiality and evaluating its time seriesly availabity in a volumatic unit. And the study was performed to give the accurate original data to the planners concerned. Some developed rational methods of predicting runoff related to hydrological factors as precipitation, were to be discusseed for their theorical background and to be introduced whether they needed some corrections or not, comparing their estimation with actual runoff from synthetic unit-hydrograph methods. To do so, the study was performed to select Kongju Station, located at the watershed of the Keum River, and to collect such hydrological data from 1962 to 1972 as runoff, water level, precipitation, and so on. On the other hand, the hydrological characteristics of runoff were concluded more reasonably in numerical values, with calculating the the ratio of daily runoff to annual discharge of the flow in percentage, as. the distribution ratio of runoff. The results of the study can be summarized as follows; (1) There needed some consideration to apply the Kajiyama's Formula for predicting monthly runoff of rivers in Korea.(2) The rational methods of predicting runoff might be recommended to become less theorical and reliable than the unique analyzation of data concerned in each given water basin. The results from the Keum River prepared above would be available to any programms concerned. (3) The most accurate estimation for runoff could be suggested to synthetic unithydrograph methods calculated from the relation between each storm and runoff. However it was not contained in the study. (4) The relations between rainfall and runoff at KongJu Station were as following table. The table showed some intersting implications about the characteristics of runoff at site, which indicated that the runoff during three months from July to September approached total of 60% of quantity while precipitation concentrated on the other three from June to August. And there were some months which had more amount of runoff than expected values calculated from the precipitation, such as Febrary, March, August, September, Octover, and December, shown in the table. Such implications should be suggested to meet any correction factors in the future formulation concerned with the subjects, if any rational methods would be required.
Shin, Haein;Yu, Jaehyung;Bae, Sungji;Yang, Dongyoon;Han, Min
Economic and Environmental Geology
/
v.49
no.4
/
pp.291-299
/
2016
This study examined stratigraphic research containing extreme climate event during Quaternary period in Saban-ri, Haeri-myeon, Gochang by constructing 3D topographic model and 3D geological model. As a result of 3D topographic model and subsurface geological model, the geology of study area accumulated bedrock, Pleistocene series, and Holocene series chronologically. Most of the study area consist of bedrock on basement and Holocene series on upper layer. Additionally, Pleistocene series are presented as lens-shaped deposit on eastern part, and wedge-shaped deposit on northeastern part. Holocene layers consist of sand and clay-silt layer deposited sequentially where implies fluvial deposits on transgression environment. Distinctively, Pleistocene clayey silt layer and Holocene sand layer on eastern are observed as pond shape deposits that are considered as storm-related deposits originated from overwash system caused by extreme paleoclimate.
In order to investigate the upwelling and island effects following the wind storm events in the East Sea (i.e., Uljin-Ulleungdo-Dokdo line) during spring, we assessed the vertical and horizontal profiles of abiotic and biotic factors, including phytoplankton communities. The assessment was based on the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and field survey data. A strong south wind occurred on May 3, when the lowest sea level pressure (987.3 hPa) in 2016 was observed. Interestingly, after this event, huge blooms of phytoplankton were observed on May 12 along the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), including the in the offshore waters of Ulleungdo and Dokdo. Although the diatoms dominated the EKWC area between the Uljin coastal waters and Ulleungdo, the population density of raphidophytes Heterosigma akashiwo was high in the offshore waters of Ulleungdo-Dokdo. Based on the vertical profiles of Chlorophyll-a (Chl. a), the sub-surface Chl. a maximum appeared at 20 m depths between Uljin and Ulluengdo, whereas relatively high Chl. a was distributed equally across the entire water column around the waters of Ulleungdo and Dokdo islands. This implies that the water mixing (i.e., upwelling) at the two islands, that occurred after the strong wind event, may have brought the rapid proliferation of autotrophic algae, with nutrient input, to the euphotic layer. Therefore, we have demonstrated that a strong south wind caused the upwelling event around the south-eastern Korean peninsula, which is one of the most important role in occurring the spring phytoplankton blooms along the EKWC. In addition, the phytoplankton blooms may have potentially influenced the oligotrophic waters with discrete time lags in the vicinity of Ulleungdo and Dokdo. This indicates that the phytoplankton community structure in the offshore waters of Ulleungdo-Dokdo is dependent upon the complicated water masses moving related to meandering of the EKWC.
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
/
v.20
no.4
/
pp.43-61
/
2017
The wetlands are facing environmental changes such as desiccation that occurs with the passage of time and reduced ecosystem services from wetlands in the city. In order to maintain the ecosystem services provided by wetlands in urban areas, a system thinking about the trade-off phenomenon of ecosystem services occurring as the wetlands undergo environmental changes is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop strategies for wetland design using system thinking approach to enhance the resilience of ecosystem services degraded by the desiccation of wetlands and other disturbances. The objectives of this study include the system boundary and variables. Second, analyzing the dynamics of wetland design strategy. Third, it analyzes the trade-off phenomenon of ecosystem services in terms of the hydrology, hydric soil, and plants strategies to mitigate these effects. Fourth, wetland basic design to improve the resilience of ecosystem services. A wetland in Abuk-Mountain Neighborhood Park, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, has been selected as a case study. Causal loop diagrams(CLDs) are used to analyze feedback in the wetland regime. In summary, hydrology, hydric soil, and plants is suggested as system boundaries to design plan. Design strategies for the wetland focused on robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness as a result of CLD analysis are first proposed in order to effectively maintain the wetland regime over the long term. Secondly, in a section related to hydrology, the CLD results show the trade-offs between provisioning-cultural services and regulating services. In order to control these services, a "water cycling system" has been implemented due to its strength in terms of robustness. The CLDs for hydric soil showed the trade-offs between regulating services and supporting services. An "installation of storm drainage for maintaining water levels" was selected due to the strength offered in terms of redundancy and rapidity. The CLDs for plants showed the trade-offs between provisioning - cultural services and regulating services. In order to control the strategic points, the "planting of indigenous vegetation" was suggested given the strength in terms of redundancy. In this study, a wetland design method is proposed that can improve the resilience of wetland ecosystem services by analyzing the dynamics overtime. The results of this research can theoretically be applied to help restore ecosystem services in wetlands using ecological landscape design. In addition, this study will contribute to reducing maintenance costs by improving wetland resilience.
Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
/
v.16
no.1
/
pp.23-32
/
2008
According to recent frequent local flash flood due to climate change, the very short-term rainfall forecast using remotely sensed rainfall like radar is necessary to establish. This research is to evaluate the feasibility of GIS-based distributed model coupled with radar rainfall, which can express temporal and spatial distribution, for multipurpose dam operation during flood season. $Vflo^{TM}$ model was used as physically based distributed hydrologic model. The study area was Yongdam dam basin ($930\;km^2$) and the 3 storm events of local convective rainfall in August 2005, and the typhoon.Ewiniar.and.Bilis.collected from Jindo radar was adopted for runoff simulation. Distributed rainfall consistent with hydrologic model grid resolution was generated by using K-RainVieux, pre-processor program for radar rainfall. The local bias correction for original radar rainfall shows reasonable results of which the percent error from the gauge observation is less than 2% and the bias value is $0.886{\sim}0.908$. The parameters for the $Vflo^{TM}$ were estimated from basic GIS data such as DEM, land cover and soil map. As a result of the 3 events of multiple peak hydrographs, the bias of total accumulated runoff and peak flow is less than 20%, which can provide a reasonable base for building operational real-time short-term rainfall-runoff forecast system.
Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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v.10
no.4
/
pp.204-210
/
1998
This paper presents the development of the probability density function applicable for wave heights (peak-to-trough excursions) in finite water depth including shallow water depth. The probability distribution applicable to wave heights of a non-Gaussian random process is derived based on the concept of the maximum entropy method. When wave heights are limited by breaking wave heights (or water depth) and only first and second moments of wave heights are given, the probability density function developed is closed form and expressed in terms of wave parameters such as $H_m$(mean wave height), $H_{rms}$(root-mean-square wave height), $H_b$(breaking wave height). When higher than third moment of wave heights are given, it is necessary to solve the system of nonlinear integral equations numerically using Newton-Raphson method to obtain the parameters of probability density function which is maximizing the entropy function. The probability density function thusly derived agrees very well with the histogram of wave heights in finite water depth obtained during storm. The probability density function of wave heights developed using maximum entropy method appears to be useful in estimating extreme values and statistical properties of wave heights for the design of coastal structures.
Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
/
v.22
no.1
/
pp.58-66
/
2010
In this paper, we have constructed high-resolution topographical map of macro-tidal Malipo beach through integration of terrestrial LiDAR measurement and MBES survey data at inter-tidal zone. To acquire the enough information of inter-tidal zone, we have done terrestrial LiDAR measurement mounted on the roof of vehicle with DGPS through go-stop-scan method at the ebb tide and MBES depth surveying with tide gauge and eye staff measurement for tide correction and MSL calculation at the high tide all together. To integrate two kinds of data, we have unified the vertical coordination standard to Incheon MSL. The mean error of overlapped inter-tidal zone is about 2~6 cm. To verify the accuracy of terrestrial LiDAR, RTK-DGPS measurement have done simultaneously and the difference of Z value RMSE is about 4~7 cm. The resolution of Malipo topographical map is 50 cm and it has constructed to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) based on GIS. Now it has used as an input topography information for the storm-surge inundation prediction models. Also it will be possible to use monitoring of beach process through the long-term periodic measurement and GIS-based 3D spatial analysis calculating the erosion and deposition considering with the artificial beach transition and coastal environmental parameters.
Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
/
v.21
no.3
/
pp.241-253
/
2009
This study performs the investigation of a long-term variation of annual maximum surge heights(AMSH) and main characteristics of high surge events, and the statistical evaluation of the AMSH using sea level data at Yeosu and Tongyeong tidal stations over more than 30 years. It is found that the long-term uptrends based on the linear regression in the AMSH are 34.5 cm/34 yr at Yeosu and 33.6 cm/31 yr at Tongyeong, which are relatively much higher than those at Sokcho and Mukho in the Eastern Coast. 71% and 68% of the AMSH occur during typhoon's event in Yeosu and Tongyeong tidal stations, respectively, and the highest surge records are mostly produced by the typhoon. The generalized extreme value distribution taking into account of the time variable is applied to detect time trend in annual maximum surge heights. In addition, Gumbel distribution is checked to find which one is best fitted to the data using likelihood ratio test. The return level and its 90% confidence interval are obtained for the statistical prediction of the future trend. The prevention of the growing storm surge damage by the intensified typhoon requires the steady analysis and prediction of the surge events associated with the climate change.
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