• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 1994

Male rats aged 15 months, which had been over-trained with 12 arm radial maze up to the criterion of 1 or 2 errors an average per trial, were divided into two groups and 7 months after the over-training and were studied the effect of red ginseng trial saponin fraction (PT) on the spatial memory function. The rats which could be improved the performance of 9.75$\pm$1.26 (within 185$\pm$8.2 1 sec) were classified into "normal group" (n=4) and the ones, which showed R-maze performance of 7.0$\pm$2.87 within 300 sec, "deteriorated memory group" (n=5). PT was dissolved in distilled water and injected into the deteriorated memory group intraperitoneally at 30 min before R-maze for 3 consecutive days. The injected amount of PT on the 1st day was 10mg/rat, 1mg/rat both on the 2nd the 3rd day. As results, the performance was restored to 9.4$\pm$2.0 after stopping ginseng administration, although the lower performance values (1.4$\pm$0.89, 2.8$\pm$0.83, 3.8$\pm$0.84, respectively) were exerted during the three days of PT administration than before PT administration (7.0$\pm$2.87) since 1 day after administratitan of PT. The restored performance values were continuously maintained up to the level of the "normal group". However, any lower performance values were not observed when PT was administered via intraperitoneal route to the normal group in about of 2 mg/rat except 10mg1ra1. The number of errors when the foods in arms were put at only 6 places was clearly reduced during the 9 days of consecutive administration of PT as compared with untreated control. These results indicated that PT administration may enhance their cognitive function after a long lapse of time not only in the memory deteriorated rats but also in normal ones. The reason exerted lower performance values during PT administration in this paper was discussed as compared with the results of T-maze behavior of another 3-month-aged rats. of another 3-month-aged rats.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.116-123
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aims to research correlation of the malondialdehyde level in urinalysis with cold hypersensitivity. Methods: We studied 128 patients visiting ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Korean Hospital from March, 2013 to May, 2013. The subjects were categorized into two groups: cold hypersensitivity group (n=46) and control group (n=79). Patients in cold hypersensitivity group had been stressed because of severe cold hypersensitivity. First, We investigated the difference of the level of malondialdehyde between two groups. In addition, temperature of the two points, ST32 and LR3, was measured by using Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI) to find out whether the extent of cold hypersensitivity is related to the level of malondialdehyde. Results: There is no different characteristics between two groups. The average of malondialdehyde in cold hypersensitivity group ($1613.15{\pm}1260.71$) is significantly higher than in control group ($1170.01{\pm}1015.66$)(p=0.04). But there is no correlation between level of malondialdehyde and the extent of cold hypersensitivity (r=-0.22, p=0.13). Conclusions: Although the level of malondialdehyde in cold hypersensitivity group is higher than in control group, there is no significant correlation between level of malondialdehyde and the extent of cold hypersensitivity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.519-522
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• 2021

The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55-3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2019

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the abdominal draw-in (ADI) exercise on the onset times of the gluteus maximus (GM) and erector spinae (ES) as well as the pelvic anterior tilt angle during prone hip extension (PHE). Methods : A total of 24 female adults were divided into two groups: those with normal abdominal muscles (n=12) and those with weak abdominal muscles (WAM; n=12). Before the intervention, the onset times of the GM and ES along with the pelvic angle during PHE were measured. Subsequently, the participants conducted the ADI exercise for 10 minutes. After conducting the ADI exercise, the onset times and the pelvic angle were re-measured. Results : In the pre-intervention comparison between the two groups, the WAM group showed faster ES onset times and higher pelvic angle than the normal group (p<0.05). In the WAM group, the ES onset times were significantly delayed after the ADI exercise (p<0.05). In both groups, the pelvic angle was significantly decreased after the ADI exercise (p<0.05). The decrease in the pelvic angle was significantly greater in the WAM group than in the normal group (p<0.05). The GM onset time was found to be not significant in all comparisons (p>0.05). Conclusion : Therefore, it can be concluded that after performing the ADI exercise, the pelvic anterior tilt during PHE is decreased in normal women and those with WAM, especially in the WAM group, suggesting that the ADI exercise can reduce the compensatory pelvic anterior tilt more effectively by delaying the ES onset times.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender, age, body weight, muscle mass, fat mass, body mass index (BMI), metabolism, and compliance with medication on weight loss in obese adults. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 178 patients who were visited to the Korean Oriental Clinic for 3~6 month and had obesity treatment using Gamitaeumjowee-tang from April 2017 to May 2017. We conducted a paired T-test, correlation coefficient and decision tree to analyze factors influencing obesity treatment. Results: The results of correlation analysis showed that initial weight (kg), initial fat mass (kg), BMI ($kg/m^2$), compliance with medication (%), Original Harris-Benedict Equation, Revised Harris-Benedict Equation and The Mifflin St Jeor Equation was significantly correlated to weight loss (kg) (P<0.001). As a result of constructing the decision tree model, it showed that over 5% weight loss of their initial weight (n=154) was related with initial BMI ($kg/m^2$), compliance with medication (%) and initial muscle mass (kg). In case of over 5 kg weight loss of their initial weight (n=131), it was related with initial BMI ($kg/m^2$), compliance with medication (%) and final BMI ($kg/m^2$). Conclusions: This study suggests that weight loss may be affected by initial factors and that initial factors can be used for obesity treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.128-141
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the pain relief effect of lower abdomen warmer on primary dysmenorrhea patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and whether the using of warmer can supplement or replace the drugs. Methods: 30 women with primary dysmenorrhea were assigned to treatment group (n=15) and control group (n=15). At 1st visit, the treatment group was provided with a wirless multiuse warmer and trained to use at least three times per menstrual cycle. The control group was not provided with the warmer, and both groups were provided with a menstrual diary and instructed to record their pain intensity and dose of analgesic every menstrual period. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to assess the intensity of overall pain and the most severe pain during the menstrual period. And the total number of analgesic taken during menstruation and the average number of analgesic taken during a single dose were measured. Results: There was significant pain relief in the treatment group compared to before baseline, and there was a significant difference from the control group. In addition, there was no significant difference in the frequency of taking analgesic during the menstrual period between the treatment group and the control group, but the dose of analgesic was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Conclusions: This clinical trial showed that lower abdomen warmer would helpful in relieving primary dysmenorrhea and could help reduce the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2022

Objective : The levels of resilience and gratitude were examined in psychiatric patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders and compared to those of the general population. In addition, we analyzed the associations of positive affect, negative affect, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and gratitude on resilience in this patient population. Methods : The participants included a general population sample (n=155) and psychiatric outpatients with depression and/or anxiety disorders (n=108). All participants completed self-report questionnaires, which included demographic variables, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form (GQ-6), the Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results : The CD-RISC and GQ-6 scores of patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders were significantly lower than those of the general population. In the patient population, hierarchical regression analysis showed that gratitude was significantly associated with resilience while controlling for a range of demographic and clinical variables. Conclusion : Patients with depression and/or anxiety disorder generally had lower resilience and gratitude. Moreover, our findings showed that gratitude could influence the levels of resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

Background: Bronchiectasis patients with neutrophilic airway inflammation develop symptoms of chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent exacerbations. Roflumilast has anti-inflammatory actions via decreased neutrophilic airway inflammation. The effectiveness of roflumilast to reduce bronchiectasis exacerbation has never been evaluated. Methods: We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Our primary objective was to assess the effect of roflumilast compared with that of a placebo in reducing exacerbation rates in bronchiectasis patients. The secondary objectives were the changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Bronchiectasis patients older than 18 years who had had two exacerbations during the previous 12 months were randomly assigned to receive either 500 ㎍ of either roflumilast or a placebo once daily for 6 months in a 1:1 ratio. Results: Forty bronchiectasis patients who had experienced exacerbations were screened. Thirty patients completed the study after 6 months of treatment: roflumilast group (n=15) and placebo group (n=15). The rates of exacerbations were 0.57 and 0.59 per patient in the roflumilast and placebo groups, respectively. Prebronchodilator FEV₁ increased by 0.07 L from baseline in the roflumilast group and decreased by 0.015 L in the placebo group, but the difference was not significant. No significant differences were observed in the change of SGRQ scores between the roflumilast and placebo groups. Roflumilast had significant side effects, including loss of appetite and headache. Conclusion: Roflumilast did not significantly affect the rate of exacerbations or quality of life. However, FEV₁ tended to improve more in the roflumilast group than in the placebo group.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1184-1194
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• 2022

Objective: High concentrate diets are widely used to satisfy high-yielding dairy cows; however, long-term feeding of high concentrate diets can cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The endocrine disturbance is one of the important reasons for metabolic disorders caused by SARA. However, there is no current report about thyroid hormones involved in liver metabolic disorders induced by a high concentrate diet. Methods: In this study, 12 mid-lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to HC (high concentrate) group (60% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6) and LC (low concentrate) group (40% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6). All cows were slaughtered on the 21st day, and the samples of blood and liver were collected to analyze the blood biochemistry, histological changes, thyroid hormones, and the expression of genes and proteins. Results: Compared with LC group, HC group showed decreased serum triglyceride, free fatty acid, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased hepatic glycogen, and glucose. For glucose metabolism, the gene and protein expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the liver were significantly up-regulated in HC group. For lipid metabolism, the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1, and fatty acid synthase in the liver was decreased in HC group, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α were increased. Serum triiodothyronine, thyroxin, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and hepatic FT3 increased in HC group, accompanied by increased expression of thyroid hormone receptor (THR) in the liver. Conclusion: Taken together, thyroid hormones may increase hepatic gluconeogenesis, β-oxidation and reduce fatty acid synthesis through the THR pathway to participate in the metabolic disorders caused by a high concentrate diet.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.246-257
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• 2021

PURPOSE. This study aimed to investigate the Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) of light- and dual cured resin cements cured through monolithic zirconia specimens (VITA YZ) of various translucencies: translucent (T); high translucent (HT); super translucent (ST); and extra translucent (XT) at 0, 24, and 48 h after curing. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four zirconia specimens from each translucency were prepared. Two light-cured resin cements (Variolink N LC; VL and RelyX Veneer; RL) and two dual-cured resin cements (Variolink N DC; VD and RelyX U200; RD) were used. The cement was mixed and loaded in a mold and cured for 20 s through the zirconia specimen. The upper surface of cements was tested for VHN using a microhardness tester at 0, 24, and 48 h after curing. The VHN were analyzed using two-way repeated, Brown-Forsythe ANOVA with Games Howell post-hoc analysis and independent t-tests (P < .05). RESULTS. All cements showed significantly higher VHN from 0 h to 24 h (P < .001). At 48 h, the VHN of light-cured cements were significantly lower when cured under the T groups than under XT groups (P = .001 in VL, P = .014 in RL). At each post curing time of each translucency, VD showed higher VHN than VL (P < .05), and RD also showed higher VHN than RL (P < .05). CONCLUSION. The translucency of zirconia has an effect on the VHN for light-cured resin cements, but has no effect on dual-cured resin cements. Dual-cured resin cement exhibited higher VHN than the light-cured resin cement from the same manufacturer. All resin cements showed significantly higher VHN from 0 h to 24 h.