• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.99-109
• /
• 2023

Objectives : Sihosogan-tang (SST) is one of the traditional herbal formula and also one of the Korean medical insurance medicines. It commonly used in the treatment of hepatitis, chronic gastritis, intercostal neuralgia, pleurisy, and depression in East Asia. In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of SST in macrophage cell line. Methods : To investigate mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of SST, we examined the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS. Results : SST significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS increased by LPS, and also significantly inhibited the production of NO. In addition, SST significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α and interleukines. SST inhibited the expression of NF-κB and MAPK activation. Conclusions : These results suggest that SST ameliorates inflammatory response in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK pathway. Therefore, this study supplies objective evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of SST.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.415-423
• /
• 2006

Interannual variation and long-term trends of coastal sea surface temperature (SST) in Korea were investigated by analyzing 27 coastal SST time series from 1969 to 2004. Long-term linear increasing trend was remarkable with the rate over $0.02^{\circ}C/year$ at almost all the stations. The slope of long-term linear trend was larger at the stations along the eastern coast than in the western and southern regions. It was also noticeable that there was a common tendency of interannual variability with the period of 3-5 years at most of the stations. SST was lower in the 1970's and early 1980's while it was higher in the 1990's and early 2000's after the increase in the late 1980's. The pattern of the interannual variability of SST was similar to that of air temperature. Increasing trend of minimum SST in winter was obvious at most stations na it was larger along the eastern coast, while the linear trend of maximum SST in summer was less definite. Therefore, the decreasing tendency of annual amplitude was mainly due to the increasing tendency of SST in winter.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.241-255
• /
• 2000

Sihosamultang(SST) has been used for the treatment of puerperal fever, liver disease in traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant effects of SST extract in vitro. The inhibitory effect of SST extract on lipid peroxidant was examined in the linoleic acid autoxidation system. In this test, SST extract significantly inhibited the time course of the lipid peroxidation. And SST extract showed about 73% scavenging effect on DPPH radical. And this extract inhibited not only the lipid peroxide formation induced by hydroxyl radical derived from $ H_{2}O_{2}-Fe^{2+}$ in the rat liver homogenate, but also the superoxide generation from xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SST extract protected the hepatic cell death induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. These data indicated that SST might play a protective role against oxidative injury by free radicals.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.207-220
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of recycled materials, namely, shredded scrap tire (SST), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and class C fly ash (CFA) on compressive and tensile strength of concrete. Either SST or RAP was used as an aggregate replacement and class C fly ash (CFA) as Portland cement replacement for making concrete. A total of two types of SST and RAP, namely, chips and screenings were used for replacing coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. A total of 26 concrete mixes containing different replacement level of SST or RAP and CFA were designed. Using the mix designs, cylindrical specimens of concrete were prepared, cured in water tank, and tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tensile strength (IDT) after 28 days. Experimental results showed aggregate substitution with SST decreased both UCS and IDT of concrete. On the contrary, replacement of aggregate with RAP improved UCS values. Specimens containing RAP chips resulted in concrete with higher IDT values as compared to corresponding specimens containing RAP screenings. Addition of 40% CFA was found to improve UCS values and degrade IDT values of SST containing specimens. Statistical analysis showed that IDT of SST and RAP can be estimated as approximately 13% and 12% of UCS, respectively.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.1046-1054
• /
• 2013

Spatial and temporal variations of sea surface temperature (SST), abundances of copepods, euphausiids, amphipods, and chaetognaths were investigated in the western waters of the Korean Peninsula. Zooplankton and SST were monitored at 63 stations arrayed in six transects ($124^{\circ}00^{\prime}-126^{\circ}30^{\prime}E$, $34^{\circ}00^{\prime}-37^{\circ}00^{\prime}N$) in February, April, June, August, October, and December during 1978-2010. In general, SST increased $0.7-3.8^{\circ}C$ during the last three decades with spatio-temporal variations. SST was lowest in February and highest in August. SST was highest in the northernmost transect and declined gradually along transects to the south. The general pattern of interannual variations of SST was similar to the global pattern, which has been increasing. Trends of abundances of all zooplankton groups slightly increased interannually and peaked seasonally in June and August, except chaetognaths, which fluctuated around the long-term mean value with a seasonal peak in August and October. Abundances of zooplankton groups were highest in the northernmost transect while those of euphausiids were highest in the southern transect. We discuss the distribution patterns of SST and zooplankton groups in relation to oceanographic characteristics in the study area.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국해양정보통신학회 2001년도 추계종합학술대회
• /
• pp.290-294
• /
• 2001

Satellite data, with Sea Surface Temperature(SST) by NOAA and Sea Level(SL) by Topex/poseidon, are used to estimate characteristics on the variations and correlations of SST and SL in the East Asian Seas from January 1993 through May 1998. In the oceanic climate, the variations of SL shown the high values in the main current of Kuroshio and the variations of SST shown not the remarkable seasonal variations because of the continuos compensation of warm current by Kuroshio. In the continental climate, SL shown high variations in the estuaries(the Yellow River, the Yangtze River) with the mixing the fresh water in the mouth of estuaries of the saline water in the coasts of continent and SST shown highly the seasonal variations due to the climatic effect of continents. In the steric variations in summer, the eastern sea of Japan, the East China Sea and the western sea of Korea shown the increment of sea level with 10~20cm. But the Bohai bay in China shown relatively the high values of 20~30cm due to the continental climate. Generally the trends of SST and SL increased during all periods. That is say, the slopes of SST and SL presented 0.29$^{\circ}C$/year and 0.84cm/year, respectively. The annual and semi-annual amplitudes shown a remarkable variations in the western sea of Korea and the eastern sea of Japan.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제12권12호
• /
• pp.2265-2270
• /
• 2008

최근 대두 되고 있는 지구 온난화 및 기후 변화와 관련해서 수온이 해양 생태계에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 한반도 주변 해역을 중심으로 $1988{\sim}2000$년까지 NOAA SST자료를 활용하여 어류 회류의 변동성에 대하여 조사하였다. 위성자료를 분석해 본 결과 우리나라는 전반적으로 온난화 경향이 나타나고 있다. 연근해의 수온상승과 비교해 볼 때, 오징어, 멸치, 정어리, 꽁치 등 회유성 어종의 분포해역이 점차 북상하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 난류성 어종인 오징어와 멸치의 어획량은 증가한 반면, 한류성 어종인 꽁치와 정어리는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 어황에 영향을 미치는 요인에는 수온뿐만 아니라 염분 및 오염도 등 여러 가지 요소가 존재하기 때문에 수온상승으로 인해 생기는 어황의 변화라고 단정 짓기는 어렵다. 따라서 금후 기후 변동과 연근해 어황 변화에 대해서도 계속적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.213-219
• /
• 2005

In the Korean seas, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Thermal ronts (TF) were analyzed temporally and spatially during 8 years from 1993 to 2000 using NOAA/AVHRR MCSST. In the application of EOF analysis for SST, the variance of the 1st mode was 97.6%. Temporal components showed annual variations, and spatial components showed that where it is closer to continents, the SST variations are higher. Temporal components of the 2nd mode presented higher values of 1993, 94 and 95 than those of other years. Although these phenomena were not remarkable, they could be considered ELNI . NO effects to the Korean seas as the time was when ELNI . NO occurred. The Sobel Edge Detection Method (SEDM) delineated four fronts: the Subpolar Front (SPF) separating the northern and southern parts of the East Sea; the Kuroshio Front (KF) in the East China Sea, the South Sea Coastal Front (SSCF) in the South Sea, and the Tidal Front (TDF) in the West Sea. TF generally occurred over steep bathymetry slopes, and spatial components of the 1st mode in SST were bounded within these frontal areas. EOF analysis of SST gradient values revealed the temporal and spatial variations of the TF. The SPF and SSCF were most intense in March and October; the KF was most significant in March and May.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제34권6_1호
• /
• pp.953-968
• /
• 2018

본 연구는 동중국해에서 표층수온의 변화를 이해하기 위해 2003년부터 2017년까지 15년 동안의 위성 및 모델 재분석 자료를 사용하여 수온, 기온, 그리고 열속의 관계를 분석하였다. 동중국해의 표층수온은 3월에 최저(평균 $13.72^{\circ}C$)를 보이고, 8월에 최고(평균 $28.12^{\circ}C$)를 나타내는 계절적 변화를 보였다. 기온은 표층수온의 계절적 변화와 높은 상관관계를 가지고 있으며 유사한 변화를 나타낸다. 표층수온이 가장 높아지는 8월의 경우 표층수온과 기온의 차이가 줄어들고 표층수온이 상대적으로 기온보다 높아지며 이후 동계까지 지속된다. 동중국해의 하계에서 나타나는 표층수온 변화를 분석하기 위해 8월 표층수온의 이상값을 이용하여 양(04', 06', 07', 13', 16', 17')과 음(03', 05', 08', 09', 10', 11', 12', 14', 15')의 이상값을 가지는 해를 분류하였다. 두 시기의 공통점은 공간적으로 표층수온이 연구해역의 남쪽보다는 북쪽에서, 동쪽보다는 서쪽에서 상대적으로 더 큰 변화를 보이고, 기온과 순열속도 이와 유사한 변화를 나타냈다. 그러나 동중국해의 8월 표층수온 변화에서 양의 이상값을 보이는 시기는 음의 이상값을 보이는 시기보다 표층수온과 기온의 상승률이 상대적으로 높고, 열속의 값도 상대적으로 증가되었다. 전체 연구기간 중에서 하계 표층수온의 변화는 일반적으로 기온과 높은 상관관계를 나타내지만, 표층수온과 기온의 상호관계에서 일반적인 경향과 차이를 나타내는 시기도 있었다(10', 12', 15', 16'). 2010년과 2012년의 8월 표층수온은 기온보다 평균 $0.5^{\circ}C$ 이상 감소되어 나타나는데, 연구해역을 관통한 태풍에 의한 것으로 여겨진다. 2015년의 경우는 표층수온보다 기온의 감소(< $0.5^{\circ}C$)가 상대적으로 크게 나타났으며 이는 동아시아 하계몬순의 약화로 인한 것으로 사료된다. 2016년은 연구기간 동안 표층수온과 기온이 가장 높게 나타났고, 표층수온이 기온보다도 상대적으로 더 높은 온도 상승(> $1^{\circ}C$)을 보였다. 위성과 열속 자료에서 표층수온의 변화는 중국 기원 장강희석수가 이동하는 해역에서 상대적으로 증가되어 나타났고, 이런 원인의 분석을 위해 더 많은 연구가 필요하지만 기온 상승에 의한 효과 이외에도 중국 기원 장강희석수의 확장과 같은 외적 요인에 의해서 수온이 이상 상승된 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.257-272
• /
• 2020

This study investigates the temporal and spatial variations of marine meterological elements (air temperature (Temp), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and Significant Wave Height (SWH)) in seven coastal waters of South Korea, using hourly data observed at marine meteorological buoys (10 sites), Automatic Weather System on lighthouse (lighthouse AWS) (9 sites), and AWS (20 sites) during 2013-2017. We also compared the characteristics of Temp, SST, and air-sea temperature difference (Temp-SST) between sea fog and non-sea-fog events. In general, annual mean values of Temp and SST in most of the coastal waters were highest (especially in the southern part of Jeju Island) in 2016, due to heat waves, and lowest (especially in the middle of the West Sea) in 2013 or 2014. The SWH did not vary significantly by year. Wind patterns varied according to coastal waters, but their yearly variations for each coastal water were similar. The maximum monthly/seasonal mean values of Temp and SST occurred in summer (especially in August), and the minimum values in winter (January for Temp and February for SST). Monthly/seasonal mean SWH was highest in winter (especially in December) and lowest in summer (June), while the monthly/seasonal variations in wind speed over most of the coastal waters (except for the southern part of Jeju Island) were similar to those of SWH. In addition, sea fog during spring and summer was likely to be in the form of advection fog, possibly because of the high Temp and low SST (especially clear SST cooling in the eastern part of South Sea in summer), while autumn sea fog varied between different coastal waters (either advection fog or steam fog). The SST (and Temp-SST) during sea fog events in all coastal waters was lower (and more variable) than during non-sea-fog events, and was up to -5.7℃ for SST (up to 5.8℃ for Temp-SST).