• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 2022

NAND flash memory is used as a medium for various storage devices due to its high data processing speed with low power consumption. However, since the read processing speed of data is about 10 times faster than the write processing speed, various studies are being conducted to improve the speed difference. In particular, flash dedicated buffer management policies have been studied to improve write speed. However, SSD(solid state disks), which has recently been used for various purposes, is more vulnerable to read performance than write performance. In this paper, we find out why read performance is slower than write performance in SSD composed of NAND flash memory and study buffer management policies to improve it. The buffer management policy proposed in this paper proposes a method of improving the speed of a flash-based storage device by analyzing the pattern of read data and applying a policy of pre-reading data to be requested in the future from NAND flash memory. It also proves the effectiveness of the read-ahead policy through simulation.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2023

SSD (solid state disk), which is flash memory-based storage device, has the advantages of high density and fast data processing. Therefore, it is being utilized as a storage device for high-capacity data storage systems that manage rapidly increasing big data. However, flash memory, a storage media, has a physical limitation that when the write/erase operation is repeated more than a certain number of times, the cells are worn out and can no longer be used. In this paper, we propose a method for converting defective multi-bit cells into single-bit cells to reduce the defect rate of flash memory and extend its lifetime. The proposed idea distinguishes the defects and treatment methods of multi-bit cells and single-bit cells, which have different physical characteristics but are treated as the same defect, and converts the expected defective multi-bit cells into single-bit cells to improve the defect rate and extend the overall lifetime. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed idea by measuring the increased lifetime of SSD through simulations.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 2000

Objective: To compare the clinical utility of the different imaging techniques used for the evaluation of tracheobronchial diseases. Materials and Methods: Forty-one patients with tracheobronchial diseases [tuberculosis (n = 18), bronchogenic carcinoma (n = 10), congenital abnormality (n = 3), post-operative stenosis (n = 2), and others (n = 8)] underwent chest radiography and spiral CT. Two sets of scan data were obtained: one from routine thick-section axial images and the other from thin-section axial images. Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and shaded surface display (SSD) images were obtained from thin-section data. Applying a 5-point scale, two observers compared chest radiography, routine CT, thin-section spiral CT, MPR and SSD imaging with regard to the detection, localization, extent, and characterization of a lesion, information on its relationship with adjacent structures, and overall information. Results: SSD images were the most informative with regard to the detection (3.95±0.31), localization (3.95±0.22) and extent of a lesion (3.85±0.42), and overall information (3.83±0.44), while thin-section spiral CT scans provided most information regarding its relationship with adjacent structures (3.56±0.50) and characterization of the lesion (3.51±0.61). Conclusion: SSD images and thin-section spiral CT scans can provide valuable information for the evaluation of tracheobronchial disease.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2018

From the 21st century, various high-quality services have come up with the growth of the internet or 'Information and Communication Technologies'. Especially, the scale of E-commerce industry in which Amazon and E-bay are standing out is exploding in a large way. As E-commerce grows, Customers could get what they want to buy easily while comparing various products because more products have been registered at online shopping malls. However, a problem has arisen with the growth of E-commerce. As too many products have been registered, it has become difficult for customers to search what they really need in the flood of products. When customers search for desired products with a generalized keyword, too many products have come out as a result. On the contrary, few products have been searched if customers type in details of products because concrete product-attributes have been registered rarely. In this situation, recognizing texts in images automatically with a machine can be a solution. Because bulk of product details are written in catalogs as image format, most of product information are not searched with text inputs in the current text-based searching system. It means if information in images can be converted to text format, customers can search products with product-details, which make them shop more conveniently. There are various existing OCR(Optical Character Recognition) programs which can recognize texts in images. But existing OCR programs are hard to be applied to catalog because they have problems in recognizing texts in certain circumstances, like texts are not big enough or fonts are not consistent. Therefore, this research suggests the way to recognize keywords in catalog with the Deep Learning algorithm which is state of the art in image-recognition area from 2010s. Single Shot Multibox Detector(SSD), which is a credited model for object-detection performance, can be used with structures re-designed to take into account the difference of text from object. But there is an issue that SSD model needs a lot of labeled-train data to be trained, because of the characteristic of deep learning algorithms, that it should be trained by supervised-learning. To collect data, we can try labelling location and classification information to texts in catalog manually. But if data are collected manually, many problems would come up. Some keywords would be missed because human can make mistakes while labelling train data. And it becomes too time-consuming to collect train data considering the scale of data needed or costly if a lot of workers are hired to shorten the time. Furthermore, if some specific keywords are needed to be trained, searching images that have the words would be difficult, as well. To solve the data issue, this research developed a program which create train data automatically. This program can make images which have various keywords and pictures like catalog and save location-information of keywords at the same time. With this program, not only data can be collected efficiently, but also the performance of SSD model becomes better. The SSD model recorded 81.99% of recognition rate with 20,000 data created by the program. Moreover, this research had an efficiency test of SSD model according to data differences to analyze what feature of data exert influence upon the performance of recognizing texts in images. As a result, it is figured out that the number of labeled keywords, the addition of overlapped keyword label, the existence of keywords that is not labeled, the spaces among keywords and the differences of background images are related to the performance of SSD model. This test can lead performance improvement of SSD model or other text-recognizing machine based on deep learning algorithm with high-quality data. SSD model which is re-designed to recognize texts in images and the program developed for creating train data are expected to contribute to improvement of searching system in E-commerce. Suppliers can put less time to register keywords for products and customers can search products with product-details which is written on the catalog.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.369-380
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• 2013

The advent of the state-of-the-art technologies such as cloud computing and big data processing stimulates the provision of various new IT services, which implies that more servers are required to support them. However, the need for more servers will lead to more energy consumption and the efficient use of energy in the computing environment will become more important. The next generation nonvolatile RAM has many desirable features such as byte addressability, low access latency, high density and low energy consumption. There are many approaches to adopt them especially in the area of the file system involving storage devices, but their focus lies on the improvement of system performance, not on energy reduction. This paper suggests a novel approach for energy reduction in which the MRAM-based SSD is utilized as a storage device instead of the hard disk and a downsized page is adopted instead of the 4KB page that is the size of a page in the ordinary file system. The simulation results show that energy efficiency of a new approach is very effective in case of accessing the small number of bytes and is improved up to 128 times better than that of NAND Flash memory.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.4 s.175
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• pp.991-1000
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• 2000

Previous area-based stereo matching algorithms find the disparity by first computing the sum of squared differences (SSD) between corresponding points using a rectangular window, and then searching the position of the minimum SSD within the disparity range. These algorithms generate relatively many matching errors around depth discontinuities, since the SSD function may fail to search for the minimum because of varying disparity profiles in such areas. In this paper, in order to improve the matching accuracy around the depth discontinuities, a new correlation function based on robust estimation technique is proposed for stereo matching. In addition, while previous stereo algorithms utilize a single rectangular window for computing the correlation function, the proposed matching algorithm utilizes 4-directional line masks additionally to reduce the matching errors further. It has been turned out that the proposed algorithm reduces matching errors around depth discontinuities significantly. Experimental results are presented in this paper, comparing the performance of the proposed technique with those of previous algorithms using both synthetic and real images.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.181-185
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• 2014

The lifetime of a solid-state drive (SSD) is limited because of the number of program and erase cycles allowed on its NAND flash blocks. Data cannot be overwritten in an SSD, leading to an out-of-place update every time the data are modified. This result in two copies of the data: the original copy and a modified copy. This phenomenon is known as write amplification and adversely affects the endurance of the memory. In this study, we address the issue of reducing wear leveling through efficient handling of write requests. This results in even wearing of all the blocks, thereby increasing the endurance period. The focus of our work is to logically divert the write requests, which are concentrated to limited blocks, to the less-worn blocks and then measure the maximum number of write requests that the memory can handle. A memory without the proposed algorithm wears out prematurely as compared to that with the algorithm. The main feature of the proposed algorithm is to delay out-of-place updates till the threshold is reached, which results in a low overhead. Further, the algorithm increases endurance by a factor of the threshold level multiplied by the number of blocks in the memory.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1992.07b
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• pp.803-805
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• 1992

The InP single crystals were grown by Modified Synthesis Solute Diffusion (SSD) method and its properties were investigated. The crystal growth rate and lattice constant $a_{\circ}$ of the grown crystals were 1.8mm/day, 5.867${\AA}$ respectively. Etch pits density along growth direction of crystal had nearly uniformity' about (2-6)x10 $cm^{-2}$ from first freeze part to last freeze part. The carrier concentration, mobility and resistivity varied from 6.25 x $10^{15}cm^{-3}$, 4218 $cm^{2}$/V sec and 1.38 x $10^{-1}{\Omega}^{-cm}$ at the first freeze part to 8.8x$10^{-3}cm^{-3}$, 4012 $cm^{2}$/V.sec and 1.43 X $10^{-1}{\Omega}^{-cm}$ at the last freeze part. In the photoluminescence at 10K, the radiation transitions were observed by the near band edge recombination, D-A pair recombination and its phonon replica in the undoped InP.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 1995

The InP crystals have been grown by modified synthesis solute diffusion (SSD) method and its properties have been investigated. The crystals have been grown by lowering the crucible quartz for growth in the furnace and crystal growth rate is 1.8mm/day. The lattice constant a. of the grown crystals is 5.867.angs.. Etch pits density along growth direction of crystal changes from 3.0*10.sup 3/cm$\^$-2/ of first freeze part to 6.7*10$\^$4/cm$\^$-2/ of last freeze part and the radial direction of wafer shows nearly uniform distribution. The resistivity and the carrier concentration of the grown crystals are 1.43*10$\^$-1/.ohm.-cm, 7.7*10$\^$15/cm$\^$-3/ at room temperature, respectively. In the photolurninescence at 10K, the radiation transitions are observed by the near band edge recombination, a pair recombination due to Si donor - Zn acceptor and its phonon replica in the InP. The activation energy by Zn diffusion in undoped n-InP crystals is 1.22eV.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.41-47
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• 2010

This paper has proposed parallel BCH, one of error correction coding methods which has been used to NAND flash memory for SSD(solid state disk). To alter error correction capability, the proposed design improved reliability on data block has higher error rate as used frequency increasingly. Decoding parallel process bit width is as two times as encoding parallel process bit width, that could reduce decoding processing time, accordingly resulting in one half reduction over conventional ECC.