• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.275-282
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• 2016

STAR of STAR (SS 01-04) is a series of drinks that consist of various extracts obtained from Coriolus versicolor, Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Hovenia dulcis, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Lycium chinense, Citrus reticulata, Saururus chinensis, Pueraria lobata, Pyrus pyrifolia, and Oenanthe javanica. A purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of SS 01-04. Antioxidant activity of the drinks was evaluated by conducting a hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potential were determined using HepG2 cells in vitro, while protective effects against acute hepatotoxicity was evaluated in vivo. The antioxidant activity of the SS 01-04 at concentration of 100 and 250 mg/mL was similar to that of $50{\mu}M$ vitamin C. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was blocked by SS 01, 03 and 04 in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with SS 04 significantly lowered the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in an animal model of carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)-induced$ hepatotoxicity (p<0.05). In addition, SS04 increased glutathione level while decreased malondialdehyde level in the liver considerably (p<0.05). It also inhibited the $CCl_4-induced$ increase in the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol in serum and the liver. These findings indicated that SS 01-04 possessed antioxidant activity and protect against ROS. In particular, SS 04 is potentially highly beneficial in treating liver damage as it scavenges reactive free radicals and boosts the endogenous antioxidant system.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.524-524
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 홍천 자운지구 고랭지 농업지역을 대상으로 장기간의 유역조사와 하천 모니터링을 통해 관측된 축척 데이터를 이용하여 비점오염저감 효과를 정량화하고 추후 모니터링 자료로서 탁수와 비점오염원 저감시설의 저감효과와 비점오염원의 효율적인 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 모니터링 결과 소양호 유역의 오염부하(1차 강우사상) 중 홍천군 자운지구의 유역단위 비점오염 저감효과의 분석에는 강우량과 단위면적당 오염부하를 이용하였으며, 자운천은 SS 5,396,761 kg, COD 82,261 kg, BOD 57,329 kg, T-N 68,711 kg, T-P 3,091 kg이었으며, 오염부하(2차 강우사상)는 SS 320,293 kg, COD 34,588 kg, BOD 22,350 kg, T-N 48,954 kg, T-P 640 kg으로 나타났다. 또한 소양호 유역의 EMC(1차 강우사상) 중 자운천은 SS 829.9 mg/L, COD 12.7 mg/L, BOD 8.8 mg/L, T-N 10.567 mg/L, T-P 0.475 mg/L 이었으며, EMC(2차 강우사상)는 SS 68.6 mg/L, COD 7.4 mg/L, BOD 4.8 mg/L, T-N 10.487 mg/L, T-P 0.137 mg/L로 나타났다. 소양호 유역의 단위면적당 오염부하(1차 강우사상) 중 자운천은 SS 402.0 kg/ha/event, COD 6.1 kg/ha/event, BOD 4.3 kg/ha/event, T-N 5.118 kg/ha/event, T-P 0.230 kg/ha/event 이었으며, 오염부하(2차 강우사상)는 SS 23.9 kg/ha/event, COD 2.6 kg/ha/event, BOD 1.7 kg/ha/event, T-N 3.646 kg/ha/event, T-P 0.048 kg/ha/event로 나타났다. 오염부하에서는 1차 강우에 비해 2차 강우에서는 SS 5,076,468 mg/L, COD 47,673 mg/L, BOD 34,979 mg/L, T-N 19,757 mg/L, T-P 2451 mg/L로 1차 강우사상에 비해 오염부하가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 EMC에서는 1차 강우에 비해 2차 강우에서는 SS 761.3 mg/L, COD 5.3 mg/L, BOD 4.0 mg/L, T-N 0.080 mg/L, T-P 0.338 mg/L로 1차 강우사상에 비해 EMC가 저감되었다. 단위면적당 오염부하는 1차 강우에 비해 2차 강우에서는 SS 378.1 mg/L, COD 3.5 mg/L, BOD 2.6 mg/L, T-N 1.472 mg/L, T-P 0.182 mg/L로 1차 강우사상에 비해 EMC가 저감되었다. 강우량과 강우강도 그리고 영농활동의 시기에 따른 EMC와 단위면적당 오염부하는 큰 차이를 보였으며, 예년에 비해 적은 강수량으로 인해 탁수와 비점오염부하의 배출이 상대적으로 적었던 것으로 판단된다. 소양호 유역과 같은 넓은 유역에서 시행되는 비점오염원의 저감연구는 오랜 시간 동안 자료를 축적해야 유의미한 평가가 이루어질 수 있으므로 장기적이고 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 유량 데이터 자료구축과 수질분석뿐만 아니라, 발생되는 비점오염 물질의 관리를 위한 체계적인 연구가 지속되어야하며, 아울러 농민의 인식도 변화 등을 포함하는 많은 인자들을 정밀히 조사하고 다각도로 분석하여 저감효과에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: To design and develop a constructed wetland for effective livestock wastewater treatment, it is necessary to understand the removal mechanisms of various types of pollutants in constructed wetlands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment efficiency of pollutants under different types of fraction in constructed wetland system for treating piggery wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: The piggery wastewater treatment plant that consisted of activated sludge tank, aerobic and anaerobic beds was constructed. The concentration of COD(Chemical oxygen demand) in effluent by fraction was 71.5 mg/L for soluble COD, 142 mg/L insoluble COD. The concentration of SS(Suspended solid) in effluent by existing form was 102 mg/L for volatile SS, 15.5 mg/L for fixed SS. The concentration of T-N(Total nitrogen) and T-P(Total phosphorus) in effluent by existing form were 12.8 mg/L and 3.05 mg/L for dissolved form, 35.0 mg/L and 1.93 mg/L for suspended form. The removal efficiencies of COD, SS, T-N and T-P in hot season(summer and autumn) were higher than those in cold season(spring and winter). The removal efficiencies of COD, SS, T-N and T-P in effluent were 98.0, 99.0, 98.2 and 99.2% for all seasons, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that removal types of pollutants were insoluble COD(ICOD), volatile SS(VSS), dissolved T-N(DTN) and dissolved T-P(DTP) in constructed wetlands for treating piggery wastewater.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to test the pollutant reduction effect by the silt fence and vegetated ridge through field monitoring. The experiment plots were established with two replication and three treatments. Each plot was designed with 5 m width, 22 m length, and 3 % slope. Flumes with the floating type stage gages were installed at the outlet of each plot to monitor the runoff. For a rainfall monitoring, tipping bucket rain gage was installed within the experiment site. Cultivated crops were spring daikon and autumn chinese cabbage. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the water quality concentration from three experiment plots were not significantly different in 5 % of significant level. The monitoring results showed that the average pollution loads reduced by silt fence compared to control were SS 75.33 %, TN 40.87 %, TP 56.58 %, BOD 52.12 %, COD 36.07 %, TOC 34.99 %; by vegetated ridge compard to control were SS 65.27 %, TN 81.80 %, TP 54.26 %, BOD 67.09 %, COD 46.55 %, TOC 43.30 %. Analysis of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed that BOD-SS and SS-Turbidity were highly related at the silt fence and vegetated ridge plots. In all plots, SS-Turbidity and TP-TN relations were relatively high. The monitoring results showed that the silt fence and vegetated ridge were effect method to reduce the pollutant loads from the field runoff. Long-term monitoring is required to obtain more quantitative reduction effect for diverse crops and to increase the reliability of results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.528-534
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• 2001

Much attention has been given to the role of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed in preventing and treating osteroporosis recently. Although numerous studies were done on effects of safflower oil, no attention was given to the role of dietary fiber of safflower seeds. This study was aimed at investigating physiological significance of defatted safflower seed as a source of dietary fiber. Sprague Dawley female rats were assigned one of 5 groups: ovariectomized control (Ovx-control) group and ovariectomized rats 15% (Ovx-ss15) and 30% defatted safflower seed (Ovx-SS30), sham-operated (Sham) group and a normal group. Cholesterol was supplemented to all diets at 0.5% except the normal diet. Ovariectomized rats were pair-fed isocalorically to the Sham group. Ovariectomy caused heavier body weight, but feeding 30% safflower seed brought back to the level of Sham group. Activities of disaccharidases of jejunal mucosa were significantly lowered in Ovx-control group compared to those of Sham, and supplementation of safflower seed tended to increase the activities. Fecal weight of Ovx-SS15 and Ovx-SS30 were almost twice as those of Ovx-control Sham. Propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations per g of feces of Ovx-SS15 and daily excretion of these fatty acids were significantly increased as compared to those of Sham and Ovx-control. In concentration defatted safflower seed supplementation significantly increased fecal bulk and short chain fatty acid production in large intestine of rats.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2012

Lake Doam watershed was surveyed to evaluate non-point source discharge characteristics and discharge load including several water quality parameters in Song Stream from July 2009 to July 2011. Concentrations of water pollutants were high during the rainfall period, especially, SS, TP and COD showed increasing tendencies toward cumulative water discharge but TN did not show much difference. SS, TP and COD had an initial flush effect of over 50 mm rainfall event but there was no clear tendency for rainfalls below that level. Event mean concentration (EMC) regarding the rainy and dry period showed large differences. Especially rainy season EMC (SS, TP, COD) demonstrated an increasingly high tendency. EMCs of COD, SS, TN and TP measured for twelve rain events were as high as 26.1, 866.0, 4.68 and 0.605 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. COD, SS, TN and TP loadings from the highland agricultural region of the Song Stream watershed were 34,263, 1,250,254, 2,673 and 933 kg $yr^{-1}\;km^{-2}$, respectively, which were relatively higher than the results of other stream systems. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that long-term monitoring and non-point pollution reduction programs for the highland agricultural area to continue. Furthermore, this non-point source pollution loading research acquired from the highland agricultural area could be the base for reassessment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.123-132
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reduction effect of non point source (NPS) pollution in Haean highland agricultural catchment ($62.8km^2$) for 13 BMP scenarios under RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Under the present climate condition, the BMP (best management practices) reduction efficiency of SS (suspended solid), T-N (total nitrogen), and T-P (total phosphorus) showed +25.7%, +4.2%, and +16.1% for VFS (vegetative filter strip), +0.1%, +15.6%, and +5.7% for FC (fertilizer control), and +6.3%, -2.9%, and +3.9% for RSM (rice straw mulching) respectively. In general, effective was the best for SS and T-P reductions, and the FC was the best for T-N reduction. The negative effect of T-N on RSM was induced by increase in infiltration and solute transport to baseflow. Under the future climate change scenarios, the SS, T-N, and T-P reduction efficiency showed the range of +1.9~+11.6%, -1.9~+0.2%, and +5.3~+11.9% respectively. The 3 BMPs (VFS, FC, and RSM) application in the future showed negative and little differences (-0.5~+1.6%) for SS and T-N reduction efficiencies while T-P reduction efficiency showed +0.3~+7.6% comparing with the baseline period. To achieve an increase in the reduction efficiency of future SS and T-N by +2~+10%, the combined application of more than two BMPs is necessary.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.884-892
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• 2020

Corticosterone is known as a biological stress index in many species including birds. Feather corticosterone concentration (FCC) has increasingly been used as a measure for chronic stress status in broiler chickens. As sample preparation is the first step of analytical process, different techniques of feather matrix disruption need to be validated for obtaining better result in analysing corticosterone extraction. The current study was a validation of pulverizing the feather by bead beater (BB) and surgical scissors (SS) processing prior to corticosterone extraction in feather of broiler chickens. The type of feather processing prior to the hormone extraction may alter the final output. Thereby, finding a standard method according to laboratory facilities is pivotal. This study carried out to determine the effects of feather pulverization methods on the extraction amount of corticosterone in broiler chickens. Feathers were sampled from four weeks old Ross 308 broiler chickens (n = 12 birds). All broiler chickens were kept under the same environmental condition and had access to feed and water. Feather samples were assigned to one of the following processing methods 1) using a BB for pulverizing and 2) using a SS for chopping into tiny pieces. Each sample was duplicated into two wells during enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis to improve the accuracy of the obtained data. The results showed lower standard errors and constant output of FCC by using the BB method compared with the SS method. Overall comparison of FCC showed a significantly higher (p < 0.001) amount of the FCC in the BB compared with the SS. Overall, using the BB method is recommended over the SS method for feather processing due to the ability to homogenize a large number of samples simultaneously, ease of use and greater extraction of feather corticosterone.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2007

Based on the experiment results of laboratory scale modified anoxic-oxic process for leachate treatment, biological nitrogen removal program was verified in terms of SS, COD, and TN concentration. These measured water qualities concentration could be predicted by biological nitrogen removal program with $R^2$ of 0.994, 0.987, 0.990, respectively. No error was occurred between water qualities concentration and quite wide range of water qualities concentration (i.e., 50-4200 mg/L) during the modelling. Each unit and final effluent of simulated concentration was kept good relationship with that of measured concentration therefore this biological nitrogen removal program for sewage or wastewater treatment plants has good reliance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.895-905
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the removal efficiencies of pollutants at various filtration rates and the quality of the filtered water along the depth of filter media during treatment of a BNR process effluent by a dual-media gravitational rapid filtration. The results of the experiments at filtration rates of 200, 300 and 400 m/day using the effluent of a pilot scale 4-stage BNR plant showed that turbidity of the filtered water was below 2.6 NTU, satisfying the Korean standard for water for reuse. Even though the SS removal efficiency deteriorated as the filtration rate increased, the average SS concentration of the filtered water was 1.3 mg/L at all filtration rates. Simultaneous biological nitrification and denitrification was observed with nitrification efficiencies of 17.4, 18.8 and 14.3%, and denitrification efficiencies of 32.3, 27.7 and 21.4% respectively at filtration rates of 200, 300 and 400 m/day. At the latter period of each filtration cycle, the effluent T-P concentration was higher than influent T-P concentration by 6.1 to 21.4% due to phosphorous release under DO-deficient condition.