• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.108-123
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of $^{18}$ F-FDG brain PET in the differentiating Idiopathic parkinson's diesease (IPD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). We studied 24 patients with parkinsonism : 8 patients (mean age 67.9$\pm$10.7 y: M/F : 3/5) with IPD, 9 patients (57.9$\pm$9.2 y : M/F : 4/5) with MSA and 7 patients (67.6$\pm$4.8 y : M/F 3/4) with PSP. All patients with parkinsonism and 22 age-matched normal controls underwent $^{18}$ F FDG PET in 3D mode after the injection of 370 MBq $^{118}$ F FDG. The patients with IPD, MSh and PSP were compared with a normal control group by a two-sided t-test of SPM99 (uncorrected P<0.001, extent threshold>100 voxel). All three parkinsonism groups, showed significant hypometabolism in the cerebral neocortex compared to the normal control group. However, the three groups displayed different metabolism in the subcortical structure, brain stem, and cerebellum. In IPD, there was no significant hypometabolism in the putamen, brain stem and cerebellum. However, MSA patients showed significant hypometabolism in the striatum, pons, and cerebellum compared to the normal controls and IPD patients. In addition, PSP showed significant hypometabolism in the caudate nuclei, the thalamus, midbrain, and the cingulate gyrus compared to the normal controls, the IPD, and MSA groups (IPD vs Normal sensitivity/specificity : 75%/l00%, MSA vs Normal sensitivity/specificity :100%/87%, PSP vs Normal sensitivity/specificity : 86%/94%). Our results show that the regional metabolism of IPD, MSA, and PSP is different mainly in the striatum, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellum. An assessment of the $^{18}$ F-FDG PET scan images using SPM may be a useful adjunct to a clinical examination in making a differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2018

The research was aimed to analyze the functional constituents (GABA and isoflavone), radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl) scavenging activities and enzyme (${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and lipase) inhibitory effects of soypowder milk (SPM) and fermented soy-powder milk (FSPM) with varied Lactobacillus brevis. Ten ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) producing lactic acid bacteria that showed 96-99% similarity with L. brevis, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, were isolated from fermented kimchi. The conversion rates of GABA were obtained 66.96-93.51, 63.76-84.58, and 57.05-69.75% in monosodium glutamate, gluten and soy protein, respectively. The levels of pH and glutamic acid of FSPM were found lower than those of SPM, but the acidity and GABA contents were higher. The GABA conversion rate of FSPM with BMK484 strain was attained the highest 69.97%. The contents of isoflavone glycoside ($1290.93{\mu}g/g$) was higher in SPM, but the content of isoflavone aglycone ($287.27-501.9{\mu}g/g$) was higher in FSPM. The levels of isoflavone aglycone such as daidzein, glycitein and genistein, were found as the highest 240.2, 61.24 and $200.45{\mu}g/g$, respectively, when FSPM was made with BMK484 strain. The DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of FSPM made with BMK484 strain were the relatively higher 60.31, 88.10, 61.25, 52.71, and 39.37%, respectively. Therefore, the L. brevis can be used as a material capable of simultaneously enhanced GABA and isoflavone aglycone in FSPM.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.302-308
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• 2006

Purpose: Although several neuroanatomical models of panic disorder have been proposed, little is known regarding the neurological mechanisms underlying cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with panic disorder. This study was performed to identify the brain structures that show changes of regnioal cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after CBT in patients with panic disorder. Materials and Methods: Seven patients who were diagnosed as panic disorder by DSM-IV were treated with CBT for 8 weeks and twelve healthy volunteers joined in this study. Serial $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ brain perfusion SPECT images were acquisited and PDSS-SR (Self-Report version of Panic Disorder Severity Scale) and ACQ (Agoraphobic Cognitive Question) scores were measured just before and after CBT in all patients. Data were analyzed using SPM2. Results: Subjective symptoms were improved, and PDSS-SR and ACQ scores were significantly reduced ($14.9{\pm}3.9\;vs.\;7.0{\pm}1.8$, p<0.05; $30.3{\pm}8.5\;vs.\;21.6{\pm}3.4$, p<0.05, respectively) after CBT in panic patients. Before CBT, a significant increase of rCBF was found in the cingulate gylus, thalamus, midbrain, both medial frontal and temporal lobes of the panic patients compared to the normal volunteers. After CBT, we observed a significant rCBF decrease in the left parahippocamus, right insula and cingulate gyrus, both frontal and temporal lobes, and a significant rCBF increase in both the occipital lobes, left insula, both frontal and left parietal lobes. Conclusion: These data suggested that CBT is effective for panic disorder and diminish the activity of the brain areas associated with fear in panic disorder.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of visual activation and quantitative analysis of regional cerebral blood flow. Visual activation was known to increase regional cerebral blood flow in the visual cortex in occipital lobe. We evaluated that change in the distribution of $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ (Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime) to reflect in regional cerebral blood flow. Materials and Methods: The six volunteers were injected with 925 MBq (mean ages: 26.75 years, n=6, 3men, 3women) underwent MRI and $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT during a rest state with closed eyes and visual stimulated with 8 Hz LED. We delineate the legion of interest and calculated the mean count per voxel in each of the fifteen slices to quantitative analysis. The ROI to whole brain ratio and regional index was calculated pixel to pixel subtraction visual non-activation image from visual activation image and constructed brain map using a statistical parameter map (SPM99). Results: The mean regional cerebral blood flow was increased due to visual stimulation. The increase rate of the mean regional cerebral blood flow which of the activation region in primary visual cortex of occipital lobe was $32.50{\pm}5.67%$. The significant activation sites using a statistical parameter of brain constructed a rendering image and image fusion with SPECT and MRI. Conclusion: Visual activation was revealed significant increase through quantitative analysis in visual cortex. Activation region was certified in Talairach coordinate and primary visual cortex (Ba17),visual association area (Ba18,19) of Brodmann.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2002

In this study, several types of gravimetric methods (such as high, medium, low, and ultra low volume sampling methods) were applied to determine suspended particulate matter concentrations in both ambient and indoor environments. Comparative evaluations were undertaken with SPM data obtained using a variety of samplers (TSP, PM10, and PM4.0) at different sampling flow rates. Correlation coefficients between TSP and PM10 concentrations measured at different flow rates fell in the range of 0.73∼0.94 (n=40). In addition, correlation coefficients for PM concentrations measured by different TSP samplers were in the range of 0.90∼0.95 (n=36 or n=38), while 0.77∼0.91 (n=38) for PM10 samplers. Correlation analysis was also conducted on indoor monitoring data that were measured using ultra-low-volume samplers at both different or identical flow rates. The correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.98∼0.99 (n=38) between TSP and TSP and 0.92∼0.94 (n=38) between TSP and PM10. The mean ratio for high volume PM10 to TSP concentration that was monitored at identical flow rates in the ambient air appeared to be 0.72. The mean ratios of PM10 to TSP and PM4.0 to TSP observed with identical flow rates at indoor environments were 0.47 and 0.40. The results of this study may provide empirical information concerning the compatability of aerosol data obtained by gravimetric sampling methods at different flow rates.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1047-1048
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• 2008

The objective of this paper is to build a decision method of the shape quality for the stainless steel and ensure reducibility of working-load for next rolling process. The criterion of the shape quality is derived from the customer needs, and Automatic Shape Decision System is implemented in SPM (Skin Pass Mill). The methods of shape decision are based on curve fitting and frequency analysis and so on. The Field Test with concerned customers is successful. The performance of right decision is 99% and the claims from the customer have been largely reduced.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.141-141
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• 2001

목적： 최근 들어 컴퓨터 그래픽의 발전과 함께 가상 현실 등에 연구 및 응용이 급증하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 fMRI를 이용하여 이차원 및 삼차원 시각자극에 대한 뇌의 기능을 살펴보는 것이다. 같은 영상에 대한 2D와 3D영상을 보여 주면서, fMRI 영상 데이터를 얻었다. 사람에게 미치는 자극 중에 하나인 시각 자극에서 2D와 3D에 대해 반응하는 차이를 규명하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법： Gradient echo를 기반으로 한 EPI 영상기법을 이용하여, 가톨릭 의대의 3.0 Tesla whole body MRI system에서 실험하였다. 해부학적 영상을 얻기 위해서는 spin echo를 이용하였다. 4명의 volunteer에 대해 같은 영상에 대한 2D와 3D영상을 보여주면서 실험을 수행하였다. 시각자극의 paradigm은 5단계 (rest, active, rest, active, rest)로 하였고, 3번의 rest와 2번의 active구간을 사이에 두었다. 각각의 구간은 10번의 iteration으로 이루어져 있고, 첫 번째 구간은 15번으로 하여 처음 5개의 결과를 버리고, 데이터를 얻었다. 결과는 spm99를 이용하여 분석하였다.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2001

목적： 최근 들어 컴퓨터 그래픽의 발전과 함께 가상 현실 등에 연구 및 응용이 급증하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 fMRI를 이용하여 이차원 및 삼차원 시각자극에 대한 뇌의 기능을 살펴보는 것이다. 같은 영상에 대한 2D와 3D영상을 보여 주면서, fMRI 영상 데이터를 얻었다. 사람에게 미치는 자극 중에 하나인 시각 자극에서 2D와 3D에 대해 반응하는 차이를 규명하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법： Gradient echo를 기반으로 한 EPI 영상기법을 이용하여, 가톨릭 의대의 3.0 Tesla whole body MRI system에서 실험하였다. 해부학적 영상을 얻기 위해서는 spin echo를 이용하였다. 4명의 volunteer에 대해 같은 영상에 대한 2D와 3D영상을 보여주면서 실험을 수행하였다. 시각자극의 paradigm은 5단계 (rest, active, rest, active, rest)로 하였고, 3번의 rest와 2번의 active구간을 사이에 두었다. 각각의 구간은 10번의 iteration으로 이루어져 있고, 첫 번째 구간은 15번으로 하여 처음 5개의 결과를 버리고, 데이터를 얻었다. 결과는 spm99를 이용하여 분석하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.405-410
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 한글 문장의 의미와 통사 처리에 관한 뇌의 활성화 양상을 비교함으로써 한글문장 이해의 과정에 대한 신경해부학적 증거를 찾고자하였다. 6명의 자원자를 대상으로 문장진위판다과제를 이용하여 활성화를 유도하였다. 1.5T 초전도 자기공명영상 장치에서 EPI로 BOLD 기법을 이용하여 기능적 영상을 얻었으며, 영상 후 처리는 SPM99 분석 프로그램을 이용하였다. 의미관련·통사관련 문장 모두 좌·우 전두회(frontal gyrus) 영역에서 활성화되었다. 의미와 통사처리 영역을 구분하기 위하여 감산법을 적용한 결과, 의미처리는 좌반구의 중측두회(middle temporal gyrus) 영역에서, 통사처리는 우반구의 하전두회(BA44) 부위에서 더 많이 활성화되었다. 의미처리에서 더 우세한 성향을 띠는 부위로 밝혀진 중측두회 영역은 의미처리시에 활성화되는 영역으로 보고하는 기존의 연구와 일치하는 결과이다. 의미와 통사 문장처리시의 뇌 활성화 양상은 뇌의 여러 영역에서 중첩되어 있기는 하지만, 특정영역에서의 차이를 보이고 있으므로, 의미와 통사처리기는 다른 기전(mechanism)에 의해서 일어남을 시사해 준다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1143-1148
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• 2004

In this study, photoresist stripping in semiconductor or LCD (liquid crystal display) fabrication processes using DIO, was investigated. In order to obtain the high PR stripping efficiency of DIO. we have developed new ozone-generating system with high ozone concentration and ozone-resolving system with high contact ratio. In this study, we obtained ozone gas concentrations of 11 % by new ozone-generating system, ozone-resolving efficiency of 99.5 % and maximum solubility of 130 ppm in deionized water. We applied the newly designed equipments to photoresist stripping processes and obtained similar results to SPM(sulfuric-peroxide mixture) process characteristics.