• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1561-1583
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• 2022

Context: Testing is one of the techniques that can assure the quality of software including the domain of Software Product Line (SPL). Various techniques have been deliberated to enhance the quality of SPL including Model-based Testing (MBT). Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze and classify trends of MBT in SPL covering the solutions, issues and evaluation aspects by using taxonomy form. Method: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted involving 63 primary studies from different sources. The selected studies were categorized based on their common characteristics. Results: Several findings can guide future research on MBT for SPL. The important finding is that the multiple measurements are still open to improving current metrics to evaluate test cases in MBT for SPL. The multiple types of measurement required a trade-off between maximization and minimization results to ensure the testing method which could satisfy multiple test criteria for example cost and effectiveness at the same time.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.273-282
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• 2022

Testing approaches for configurable software product lines differs significantly from a single software testing, as it requires consideration of common parts used by all member products of a product line and variable parts shared by some or a single product. Test coverage is a measure of the adequacy of testing performed. Test coverage measurements are important to evaluate the adequacy of testing at the software product line level, as there can be hundreds of member products produced from configurable software product lines. This paper proposes a method for measuring code coverage at the product line level in configurable software product lines. The proposed method tests the member products of a product line after hierarchizing member products based on the inclusion relationship of the selected features, and quantifies SPL(Software Product Line) test coverage by synthesizing the test coverage of each product. As a result of applying the proposed method to 11 configurable software product line cases, we confirmed that the proposed method could quantitatively visualize how thoroughly the SPL testing was performed to help verify the adequacy of the SPL testing. In addition, we could check whether the newly performed testing for a member product covers the newly added code parts of a feature.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.932-951
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• 2021

The effectiveness of testing in Model-based Testing (MBT) for Software Product Line (SPL) can be achieved by considering fault detection in test case. The lack of fault consideration caused test case in test suite to be listed randomly. Test Case Prioritization (TCP) is one of regression techniques that is adaptively capable to detect faults as early as possible by reordering test cases based on fault detection rate. However, there is a lack of studies that measured faults in MBT for SPL. This paper proposes a Test Case Prioritization (TCP) approach based on dissimilarity and string based distance called Last Minimal for Local Maximal Distance (LM-LMD) with Dice-Jaro-Winkler Dissimilarity. LM-LMD with Dice-Jaro-Winkler Dissimilarity adopts Local Maximum Distance as the prioritization algorithm and Dice-Jaro-Winkler similarity measure to evaluate distance among test cases. This work is based on the test case generated from statechart in Software Product Line (SPL) domain context. Our results are promising as LM-LMD with Dice-Jaro-Winkler Dissimilarity outperformed the original Local Maximum Distance, Global Maximum Distance and Enhanced All-yes Configuration algorithm in terms of Average Fault Detection Rate (APFD) and average prioritization time.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.469-480
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• 2014

Software Product Line (SPL) is a software development paradigm that guarantees high productivity, reduced cost, and shorter time-to-market by systematically planning and reusing commonality and variability. In order to maximize the benefits of SPL engineering, testing should be integrated into the SPL engineering lifecycle processes that consist of domain engineering and application engineering and should be performed with as little test efforts as possible. This paper proposes a systematic software product line test cases derivation method using combinatorial test design. By applying combinatorial test design to product line test cases derivation and exploiting commonality between products at the same time, the number of generated test cases is dramatically reduced with the result that they can be effectively reused by the products of the given product line. Case studies conducted in this paper show the efficacy of our method compared with other methods that use only commonality or combinatorial design or neither of them in terms of the number of derived test cases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.960-963
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• 2007

The effect of spatial factors on subjective responses to heavy-weight floor impact noise was investigated. Heavy-weight impact noises were generated and recorded in several apartments and a testing building using impact ball and binaural microphone to measure IACC of the noises. Just noticeable differences (JNDs) of IACC and SPL of heavy-weight impact noise were also investigated. Auditory experiments were conducted using method of limit. It was found that the JNDs of IACC and SPL were 0.12 and 1.5dB, respectively. Contribution of IACC and SPL to annoyance of heavy-weight floor impact noise is being further investigated.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.31-42
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• 2013

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to eliminate the noise of the vehicle after measuring the friction noise obtained from the NCPX (Noble Close ProXimity) method. The pure friction noise between the tire and road pavement could be determined from filtering the compositeness of sound and the influence of the vehicle noise. METHODS: The noise magnitude could be determined by analyzing the sound pressure level (SPL) and sound power level (PWL) along with the noise frequency of a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis as well as CPB (Constant Percentage Bandwidth) analysis. RESULTS: When the test for measuring the friction noise originated somewhere between tire and road pavement is performed with NCPX method, it must be fulfilled by attaching the surface microphone near the tire. In this condition, the surface microphone can measure the friction noise occurred at between tire and pavement, the chassis noise from the engine and power transfer units, the fluctuating aerodynamic noise, and the turbulence noise directly affected to the surface microphone. By using the NCPX method, the noise occurred at the vehicle must be eliminated for measuring the friction noise between tire and pavement from the traffic noise. CONCLUSIONS: The vehicle's testing engine noise depends on the vehicle and road types. The effect of vehicle's engine noise is less than the friction noise occurred at between tire and pavement at less than 1% effect.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to (1) establish a Korean adult normative database for phonatory aerodynamic measures obtained with the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600, (2) investigate the intra-subject reliability of these measures across three testing sessions, and (3) examine the effect of gender on those measures. 170 healthy normal speakers (70 men and 100 women) between the ages 18 and 49 years participated in the study. The PAS protocol of maximum phonation and voicing efficiency were conducted and 25 measures were obtained. All aerodynamic measures taken in this study demonstrated high intra-subject reliability in clinical aspect. There were no significant effect of gender in the measures related to sound pressure and subglottal pressure. However, significant differences for gender were found for phonation time, airflow rate, expiratory volume, aerodynamic power, SPL range, pitch range, mean pitch, aerodynamic resistance, and aerodynamic efficiency. Clinicians should be aware of significant gender effects in some aerodynamic parameters when interpreting the data obtained from PAS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.629-633
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• 2005

The reduction of the Vehicle interior noise has been the main interest of NVH engineers. The driver's perception on the vehicle noise is affected largely by psychoacoustic characteristic of the noise as well as the SPL. In particular, the HVAC sound among the vehicle interior noise has been reflected sensitively in the side of psychology. In previous study, we have developed to verify identification of source for the vehicle HVAC system through multiple-dimensional spectral analysis. Also we carried out objective assessments on the vehicle HVAC noises and subjective assessments have been already performed with 30 subjects. In this study, the linear regression models were obtained for the subjective evaluation and the sound quality metrics. The regression procedure also allows you to produce diagnostic statistics to evaluate the regression estimates including appropriation and accuracy. Appropriation of regression model is necessary to $R^2$ value and F-value. And testing for regression model is necessary to Independence, Homoscedesticity and Normality. Also we selected optimum layout of damping material using Taguchi method. As a result of application, sound quality is improved by more quiet, powerful, expensive, smooth.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.6 s.249
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• pp.728-733
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• 2006

The reduction of the Vehicle interior noise has been the main interest of NVH engineers. The driver's perception on the vehicle noise is affected largely by psychoacoustic characteristic of the noise as well as the SPL. In particular, the HVAC sound among the vehicle interior noise has been reflected sensitively in the side of psychology. In previous study, we have developed to verify identification of source for the vehicle HVAC system through multiple-dimensional spectral analysis. Also we carried out objective assessments on the vehicle HVAC noises and subjective assessments have been already performed with 30 subjects. In this study, the linear regression models were obtained for the subjective evaluation and the sound quality metrics. The regression procedure also allows you to produce diagnostic statistics to evaluate the regression estimates including appropriation and accuracy. Appropriation of regression model is necessary to $R^2$ value and F-value. And testing for regression model is necessary to independence, homoscedesticity and normality. Also we selected optimum layout of damping material using Taguchi method. As a result of application, sound quality is improved more quietly, powerfully, even though costly, and smoothly.